SUSTAINABLE ROAD LAYOUT DESIGN FOR A SUBURBAN AREA (TAMBARAM) USING FUZZY AIDED SYSTEM A THESIS REPORT Submitted by K. YOGESWARI Under the guidance of Dr. E. RASUL MOHIDEEN in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CIVIL ENGINEERING B.S.ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY (B.S. ABDUR RAHMAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) (Estd. u/s 3 of the UGC Act. 1956) www.bsauniv.ac.in JUNE 2015 B.S.ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY (B.S. ABDUR RAHMAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY) (Estd. u/s 3 of the UGC Act. 1956) www.bsauniv.ac.in BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this thesis report SUSTAINABLE ROAD LAYOUT DESIGN FOR A SUBURBAN AREA (TAMBARAM) USING FUZZY AIDED SYSTEM is the bonafide work of K. YOGESWARI (RRN: 0980201) who carried out the thesis work under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate. SIGNATURE SIGNATURE Dr. E.RASUL MOHIDEEN Dr. M.S.HAJI SHEIK MOHAMMED RESEARCH SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Professor Professor & Head Department of CIVIL Department of CIVIL B.S. Abdur Rahman University B.S.Abdur Rahman University Vandalur, Chennai – 600 048 Vandalur, Chennai – 600 048 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr.V.M.Periasamy, Vice Chancellor in-charge, B.S.Abdur Rahman University, Dr.M.V.Molykutty, Dean, School of Infrastructure, and Dr. M.S.HAJI SHEK MOHAMMED, Head of Department of Civil Engineering, for providing me with all the necessary facilities to carry out research. I thank my supervisor Dr. E.RASUL MOHIDEEN, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for the constant support throughout this research work. Without his initiation, encouragement and directions, this dissertation would not have taken shape. His critical remarks helped me a lot to fine tune and complete the research successfully. I would like to express my gratitude to my doctoral committee members, Dr.S.Lakshmi, Professor, Department of Transportation Engineering, Anna University, for her constant advice and suggestions. I express my sincere thanks to the faculty members of Civil Engineering Department, B.S.Abdur Rahman University, for their whole hearted co-operation in completing this work. Above all, I thank my family members for their patience, love and prayers. I thank all my friends who have helped me in one way or other for the successful completion of this work. Last but not the least, I thank the Almighty for blessing me to successfully complete this work. K.YOGESWARI iii ABSTRACT Sustainable transportation system aim at designing of congestion- free urban planning with bicycle and pedestrian friendly design of their areas. It focuses on moving people and not only the vehicles, which in turn would reduce air pollution as well as the increasing congestion. Sustainability can be achieved with the change in behavioral aspects of people. When people understand the impact of transportation they can in turn make choices that reduces the need for resources and thus minimize the adverse impacts. The aim of this study is to provide a systematic description and analysis of Sustainable road layout design using Fuzzy logic system. The selection of methodological framework is justified on the ground that it enables one to group the interlink ages between the various indicators of the sustainability, while at the same time, highlighting the factors that influence such interlink ages. A suburban area (Tambaram) in south Chennai, Tamilnadu state, India, is chosen for conducting the analysis of sustainable road layout. The present work is exploratory in its methodology and theoretical framework. The study utilizes the sustainable transportation planning concept for Road layout design for suburban area. The use of multi objective optimization method by fuzzy logic is present further in this thesis, will allow engineers, planners and decision makers to optimize the component of an urban street and obtain the perceived level of services across all modes on urban street within a given right of way. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii ABSTRACT iv LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS 1 1.2 DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION 2 1.3 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 3 1.4 NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 4 1.5 CONCLUSION 5 2. LITRETURE REVIEW 6 2.1 SUSTAINABLITY – A SHORT STORY 6 2.2 SUSTAINABLE – GLOBAL OUTLOOK 6 2.3 REVIEW OF STATUS OF RESEARCH – INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO 9 2.4 CURRENT SCENARIO PREVAILING IN INDIA AS PER THE LITERATURE 11 2.5 RESEARCH ISSUES TO BE ADDRESS SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN TRANSPORT 11 2.6 CONCLUSION 12 v CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN 13 3.1 INTRODUCTION 13 3.2 MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY 13 3.3 AIM OF THE STUDY 14 3.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 14 3.5 COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT 15 3.6 METHODOLOGY 15 3.7 CONTRIBUTION TO STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE 17 4. STUDY AREA AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 18 4.1 INTRODUCTION 18 4.2 TAMBARAM AS A SUB URBAN – BOUNDARY CONDITION 20 4.3 BUILT ENVIRONMENT 20 4.4 THE TRANSPORTATION NETWORK 21 4.5 THE ECONOMY 23 4.6 URBANISATION 24 4.7 LAND USE 25 4.7.1 The Future Land Use 26 4.7.2 Land use Changes 27 4.8 MOTORIZATION 28 4.9 EFFECTS OF MOBILITY 30 4.10 CONGESTION INDEX 31 4.11 SAFETY 32 4.12 PARKING 33 4.13 IDENTIFICATION ISSUES 34 4.14 CONCLUSION 34 vi CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 5 STUDY OF HETEROGENEOUS TRAFFIC USING VIDEO IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES 36 5.1 INTRODUCTION 36 5.2 VIDEO SHOOTING METHODOLOGY 36 5.2.1 Angle 37 5.2.2 Focus 38 5.2.3 Zoom 38 5.2.4 Lighting Conditions 38 5.2.5 Shutter Speed 38 5.2.6 Height 38 5.3 TRAZER SOFTWARE 39 5.4 DATA ACQUISITION BY VIDEO SURVEILLANCE METHOD 40 5.5 DATA ANALYSIS FROM TRAZER AND RESULTS 41 5.6 AVERAGE VEHICLES VOLUMES 43 5.6.1 G.S.T Road – Arterial Road 43 5.6.2 Velachery Main Road – Sub Arterial Road 45 5.6.3 Mudichur Road – Sub Arterial Road 46 5.6.4 Collector Street 47 5.7 VEHICLE TRAJECTORY 48 5.8 CONCLUSION 50 vii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 6. SUSTAINABLE ROAD LAYOUT DESIGN FOR LIVE ABLE AREA (TAMBARAM) WITH THE AID OF FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM 51 6.1 INTRODUCTION 51 6.2 NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE INDICATORS AND ITS LIMITATIONS 52 6.3 INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY 53 6.4 INDICATOR USED IN THE SUSTAINABLE ROAD LAYOUT DESIGN – INPUT PARAMETERS: FOR MODEL USING FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM 54 6.5 FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM 60 6.6 FLOW CHART OF THE PROPOSED FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM 60 6.6.1 Fuzzification 61 6.6.2 Inference 62 6.6.3 Defuzzification 64 6.6.4 Crisp Output Value 64 6.7 SUSTAINABLE ROAD LAYOUT 66 6.7.1 Road Layout Design P 66 6.7.2 Road Layout Design Q 67 6.7.3 Road Layout Design R 68 6.7.4 Road Layout Design S 69 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 73 7.1 OUTPUT FOR THE ROAD LAYOUT P 73 7.2 OUTPUT FOR THE ROAD LAYOUT Q 74 7.3 OUTPUT FOR THE ROAD LAYOUT R 75 viii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 7.4 OUTPUT FOR THE ROAD LAYOUT S 76 7.5 ACCIDENT CASE 78 7.6 MOTORIZATION 79 7.7 CONCLUSION 80 8. CONCLUSIONS 82 9. SUMMARY OF THE STUDY 84 10. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 85 REFERENCES 86 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 114 TECHNICAL BIOGRAPHY 115 ix LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.1 Inventory of road network 23 4.2 Historical growth of population in Tambaram 24 4.3 Urban conglomeration in India according 2001 census 25 4.4 Land use changes 28 4.5 Desirable modal split for Indian cities (as percentages of total trips) 29 4.6 Existing modal split in Indian cities (as percentage of total trips) 30 4.7 Anticipated average journey speed (kmph) on major roads 30 4.8 The journey speed on the roads in study area 31 4.9 Total number of accidents in the study area 32 4.10 Parking characteristics 33 5.1 Inventory of road network of the video shooting roads 41 5.2 Average vehicles volumes in G.S.T road towards Chrompet 44 5.3 Average vehicles volumes in GST road towards Vandalur 44 5.4 Average vehicles volumes in Velachery road towards Tambaram 45 5.5 Average vehicles volumes in Velachery road towards Madippakam 46 5.6 Average vehicles volumes in Mudichur road towards Tambaram 47 5.7 Average vehicles volumes in data for collector roads 47 5.8 Vehicle trajectories 48 5.9 Accuracy of object detection, classification, and vehicle trajectory 49 x TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 6.1 Details about the indicator selected to evaluate the road layout sustainability 55 6.2 Crisp input data 61 6.3 Fuzzy rules 63 6.4 Crisp output data 64 6.5 Sequence of road layout 70 6.6 Roads with its layout and contribution 71 7.1 Contribution level for different parameters 77 xi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 1.1 Sustainability curve 3 3.1 Methodology of the study 16 4.1 Tambaram municipality base map 19 4.2 Google images of Tambaram map 22 4.3 Hierarchy of road network map 22 4.4 Population growth in Tambaram 24 4.5 Existing Landuse 2010 25 4.6 Percentage of land use 2010 26 4.7 Furture Landuse 2026 26 4.8 Percentage of land use 2026 27 4.9 Land use changes 27 4.10 Growth of motor vehicle fleet by type of vehicle 29 4.11 Congestion index 31 5.1 Video shooting methodology 37 5.2 Microscopic data analysis using TRAZER 39 5.3 Tambaram road network 40 5.4 Central data center 42 5.5 Procedure for image process 42 5.6 Vehicle extraction 43 5.7 Vehicle trajectories 48 6.1 (a) Road map from Tambaram to Velachery (b) Road map of GST road (c) Road map from Tambaram to Mudichur (d) Road map of Camp road 57 6.2 Land usage allocation for different parameters in 2013 59 6.3 Flow chart of the proposed Fuzzy logic system 60 xii FIGURE NO.