Regional Report Sustainable Mountain Development in the Andes From Rio 1992 to Rio 2012 and beyond 2012 20 years of Sustainable Mountain Development in the Andes ‐ from Rio 1992 to 2012 and beyond ‐ Final version May 2012 Editors: Christian Devenish Cecilia Gianella Revision: Bert de Bievre Calle Mayorazgo 217 San Borja, Lima 41‐Perú Teléfono: +511 618‐9400 ∙ Fax: +511 618‐9415 [email protected] ∙ www.condesan.org 20 years of Sustainable Mountain Development in the Andes ‐‐ Final version 2012 20 years of Sustainable Mountain Development in the Andes ‐ from Rio 1992 to 2012 and beyond Final version Editors: Christian Devenish Cecilia Gianella Revision: Bert De Bievre Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina ‐ CONDESAN Calle Mayorazgo 217 San Borja Lima, Peru Tel. +51 1 6189400 Email: [email protected] 2012 Case study information contributed by: Andrés Felipe Betancourth ‐ CONDESAN, Tatiana Castillo ‐ Grupo Randi Randi, Magda Choquevilca ‐ Agrobiodiversidad ‐ Jujuy, Ximena Contreras Fernández ‐ Chile Sustentable, Alfredo Durán ‐ Centro Agua / UMSS, Antenor Florindez ‐ Instituto Cuencas, Carla Gavilanes ‐ GIZ, Ana González ‐ GIZ, Sara Larrain Ruiz Tagle ‐ Chile Sustentable, Luís Daniel Llambí ‐ Universidad de los Andes, Julio Martinez ‐ UGICH‐Jujuy, Susan V. Poats ‐ Grupo Randi Randi, Felipe Rubio Torgler ‐ Fundación Humedalas, Segundo Sánchez ‐ RENAMA‐Cajamarca, Marco Sotomayor ‐ Proyecto Masal, Cristián Villarroel Novoa ‐ Chile Sustentable Additional information and contributions to the report: Dora Arévalo ‐ CONDESAN, Diana Arzuza, María Teresa Becerra ‐ SG CAN, Francisco Cuesta ‐ CONDESAN, Edith Fernandez‐ Baca ‐ CONDESAN, Verónica Galmez ‐ PACC ‐ Helvetas, Andrew Jarvis ‐ CIAT, Robert Hofstede, Pablo Lagos ‐ MRI ‐Peru, Galo Medina ‐ ECOBONA, Arturo Mora ‐ UICN ‐ Sur, Edwin Ortiz ‐ CONDESAN, Manuel Peralvo ‐ CONDESAN, Amiro Pérez‐ Leroux ‐ BirdLife International, Teobaldo Pinzas ‐ ETC Andes, Julián Ramírez ‐ CIAT, Luzmila Rosales ‐ CONDESAN , Miguel Saravia ‐ CONDESAN, Johannes Signer ‐ CIAT, Angélica Villalba Eljach ‐ Parlamento Andino, Emmanuel Zapata‐Caldas ‐ CIAT Additional information also provided by workshop participants (see 5.0 Appendix a, b, c) v0512 ii 20 years of Sustainable Mountain Development in the Andes ‐‐ Final version 2012 CONTENTS SUMMARY AND KEY POLICY ACTIONS ............................................................................................................................... iv Why the Andes matter .............................................................................................................................................................. iv How the Andes contribute to sustainable development .......................................................................................................... iv Policy action – Andean mountains and the future we want ...................................................................................................... v PART 1: SETTING THE STAGE .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Characteristics of the Andean region ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Defining the Andes ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.2 Demography ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Environmental characteristics ...................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.4 Influence of the Andes on the regional economy ........................................................................................................ 6 1.2.5 Social characteristics .................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Drivers of change in the Andes .......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Population pressure and migration ............................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.2 Land use and agriculture ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.3 Mining ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3.4 Climate change ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.5 Other drivers ............................................................................................................................................................... 14 PART 2: EVALUATING PROGRESS WITH SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT: PROGRESS, CHANGES, AND LESSONS LEARNT IN THE REGION OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS ............................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Policies and institutional frameworks ................................................................................................................................ 19 Box 2.1.1 Changing perspectives of forest management Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia .......................................................... 25 Box 2.1.2 The role of local and regional policies in land‐use planning ................................................................................ 28 2.3 Participation, awareness and knowledge .......................................................................................................................... 30 Box 2.3.1 Different approaches to participation in land‐use planning ................................................................................ 31 Box 2.3.2 Knowledge and information systems .................................................................................................................. 34 2.4 Environmental management ............................................................................................................................................. 36 Box 2.4.1 Different aspects of environmental management in Colombia .......................................................................... 37 Box 2.4.2 Proyecto Paramo Andino ..................................................................................................................................... 40 2.5 Exploitation and use of resources ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Box 2.5.1 Water management ............................................................................................................................................. 43 Box 2.5.2 Native Andean agriculture benefits communities ............................................................................................... 46 Box 2.5.3 Balancing economic alternatives with use of resources ...................................................................................... 48 2.6 Funding and international cooperation for development ................................................................................................. 50 2.7 Conclusions on processes promoting or limiting sustainable mountain development in the Andes ................................ 52 PART 3: EMERGING CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................................... 55 3.1 Future challenges for sustainable mountain development in the Andean region ............................................................ 55 3.2 Summary of key challenges and recommendations for sustainable mountain development in the Andes ..................... 58 3.2.1 Strengthening institutional frameworks ..................................................................................................................... 58 3.2.2 Improving knowledge and information systems ........................................................................................................ 59 3.2.3 Cross‐cutting challenges ............................................................................................................................................. 60 4.0 Literature cited........................................................................................................................................................... 60 5.0 Appendix.................................................................................................................................................................... 64 5.1 Workshop participants