''II'-..._ill'Iii! I ·~r:' :' i 1 I I,: I The Vegetarian Ideal I I· in the Bible !, i Gary A. Rendsburg The first thing one learns in almost any Introduction to the Bible course offered on college campuses today is that Genesis begins with not one, but two, stories of creation. These two narratives, we are taught, offer two greatly differing accounts of the creation of the world. In the first story (Gen l:I-2:4a), which proceeds day-by-day over the course of seven days, God first creates elements of the cosmos, the living things in the order of vegetation, the animal kingdom, and, finally, humans. The method of creation is by flat: God says simply ((let something happen" and it happens. The creation of humans includes both man and woman-male and female-at one and the same time. In the second story (Gen 2:4b-3), a very different view is presented. There is no attempt at a time frame; items such as the sun, the moon, and the stars are not mentioned; the order of creation is first, man, then vegetation, then animals, and, finally, woman; the method of creation is by physical means, as indicated by the words ((formed,'' ((planted," and ((built," all predicated of God; and, unlike the first story, man and woman are not created at the same time, but rather Adam is created first and only later is Eve fashioned out of Adam's side (the Hebrew is traditionally understood as "rib," but more likely means ((side"). In addition, the name by which God is called in these two accounts is different. In the first story the deity is referred to as Elohim = ((God"; in the second story the name used is the compound form YHWH­ Elohim =((LORD God." Those scholars who engage in traditional source criticism ascribe the first of these stories to the priestly source, or P, and the second of these stories to the Yahwist source, or J. I will not proceed further along the lines of the documentary hypothesis, mentioning it only in passing as an important element of modern biblical scholarship­ not immediately relevant to our discussion of food, except, perhaps, as food for thought. 1 319 ,. ·I ! '·· 320 Food and judaism The Vegetarian In my attempt to work with these two accounts as two pieces of a «'And to all literary whole, I am struck by the fact that the two accounts present to all that cr totally different perspectives of the one singular creation. The the green ve perspectives may be termed, respectively, the cosmocentric view and created as vel the anthropocentric view. In the first one, we see the entire cosmos of course, c created, thus the references to light, expanse, dry land, seas, sun, moon, kingdom is l stars, and so forth; we also can understand the use of creation by fiat, obviously kn characteristic of an awesome and majestic God. In the second account, but rather c we see only the view from earth, and thus we can understand the author's among the 1: use of more basic methods of creation, such as God's forming man from owl, among the clay, in the manner in which a potter forms a vessel, or God's planting land of Israe. the Garden of Eden, in a style no different than a backyard gardener author of C planting his or her own garden. harmonious The text even provides a valuable clue for the reader to recognize The veg1 this crucial difference of perspective. The first story is introduced by story, but it i the phrase, «when God began to create heaven and earth" (traditionally a garden in rendered in English as «In the beginning God created the heaven and keep it. We the earth"). Note the order of the two main items: «heaven" and «earth" (From every (Gen 1 :1; see also Gen 2:4a). The second story, by contrast, is introduced passage con1 by the expression «on the day that LORD God made earth and heaven"; eating from note the changed order, "earth and heaven" in this verse (Gen 2:4b).2 eat of the c Pamela Reis shares a similar approach to the one that I am taking something q here, although she took this understanding of these chapters one step to eat of the further. Reis contends that we should read the beginning of Genesis in this chapter the same way that we view the classic ] apanese film Rashomon, directed story as wel by Akira Kurosawa. 3 The brilliance of the film lies in Kurosawa's allowing chapter, whi different characters to tell the same story, each from his or her perspective. crops (Gen Similarly, with the Torah we should read the narrative as a literary whole, the vegetati< though we recognize that two different viewpoints underlie the two Two sto stories. one thing in Where does this leave us? As the tide of my talk adumbrates, there in both stori is no meat to my topic. Yet, as the two creation stories differ in so many in the first ways, their singular vision is truly extraordinary: the two accounts share vegetanan 1- only one major theme in common-the vegetarian ideal. Rashomon. I In both stories, God creates a world characterized by vegetarianism. tell, but the In the first account, we read, «And God said [to the human couple], bandit, the (Behold I give to you all the vegetation that sprouts seed which is upon medium), a1 the face of all the earth, and every tree in which the fruit of the tree the biblical sprouts seed, for you it shall be as food"' (Gen 1:29). God then continues, ensures that mdjudaisrn The Vegetarian Ideal in the Bible 321 pieces of a '((And to all the animals of the earth and to all the birds of the sky and tts present to all that creeps on the earth, in which there is a living life, [I give] all tion. The the green vegetation for food"' (Gen 1:30). Not only are the humans view and created as vegetarians, but the entire animal kingdom is, too. We humans, re cosmos of course, can live as vegetarians, and a large portion of the animal un, moon, kingdom is herbivorous. At the same time, however, the ancient Israelites m by fiat, obviously knew that many species of animals were not simply omnivores 1 account, but rather carnivores. Species like the lion, the leopard, and the bear, 1e author's among the land animals, and species like the eagle, the vulture, and the man from owl, among birds,·are all mentioned in the Bible; they are native to the 's planting land oflsrael, and they are all meat eaters. Never mind, says the idealistic l gardener author of Gen 1: at the time of creation God established a purely harmonious world, one characterized by vegetarianism. recognize 'fhe vegetarian ideal is somewhat less explicit in the second creation ,duced by story, but it is present there nonetheless. Mter creating man, God planted Lditionally a garden in Eden and then placed man in the garden to till it and to ~aven and keep it. We next read, ((And the LORD God commanded man saying, 1d ((earth" 'From every tree of the garden you indeed may eat" (Gen 2:16). The 1troduced passage continues with the famous prohibition forbidding man from i heaven"; eating from the tree of knowledge, for which the general command, to n 2:4b). 2 eat of the other trees, serves as background. While there is clearly tm taking something quite specific intended here, I would still read the command one step to eat of the trees of the garden, without any other mention of eating in ;enesis in this chapter, as implying a vegetarian world in this second creation , directed story as well. Further confirmation for this view appears in the next 1 allowing chapter, which focuses on the hard work required in the cultivation of :rspective. crops (Gen 3:17-19), with the explicit statement, ((and you shall eat of ry whole, the vegetation of the field" (Gen 3:18).4 ~ the two Two stories with major, and in fact irreconcilable, differences have one thing in common: God commands a vegetarian lifestyle for humans .tes, there in both stories (God also commands it explicitly for the animal kingdom 1 so many in the first story and probably implicitly in the second story). The tnts share vegetarian ideal in these two stories is, I submit, like the dagger in Rashomon. Each of the four storytellers in the film has a different tale to anantsm. tell, but they all agree on one detail, the presence of the dagger. The couple], bandit, the woman, the dead man (who speaks in the film through a 1 Is upon medium), and the woodcutter each tells his or her own tale, each, as in ::the tree the biblical narratives, with contradictory information, but Kurosawa ontinues, ensures that our attention is turned each time to the special dagger that 322 Food and judaism The Vegetari, plays a central role in each character's version. In like manner, the biblical It is it author ensures that our ears focus on the food that humans are to eat. Meat is nc In fact, in contrast to the usual economical writing style employed by further bel the biblical prose writers, there is a certain verbosity in the description to the peo of the vegetarianism inherent at creation, especially in the first account. Eating me Let me cite those words once more: "And God said, 'Behold I give to violates the you all the vegetation that sprouts seed which is upon the face of all the cannot eat earth, and every tree in which the fruit of the tree sprouts seed, for you The Torah it shall be as food.