Legumes, Nuts & Seeds Allergy – Which allergens? Author: Dr Harris Steinman, Allergy Resources International, P O Box 565, Milnerton 7435, South Africa, [email protected]. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written consent of Phadia AB. ©Phadia AB, 2008 Design: RAK Design AB, 2008 Printed by: X-O Graf Tryckeri AB, Uppsala, Sweden ISBN 91-970475-5-4 Contents Introduction ............................................................................. 5 f20 Almond (Amygdalus communis) ..................................... 9 f6 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) ............................................ 15 f310 Blue vetch (Lathyrus sativus) ....................................... 22 f18 Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) ................................... 26 f11 Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) ............................ 32 f202 Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) .......................... 41 f309 Chick pea (Cicer arietinus) .......................................... 49 f36 Coconut (Cocos nucifera) ............................................. 54 f55 Common millet (Panicum milliaceum) .......................... 59 f305 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) ........................ 64 f56 Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) ....................................... 67 f79 Gluten (from Triticum aestivum) ................................... 70 f315 Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) ................................... 77 f17 Hazel nut (Corylus avellana) ........................................ 81 f57 Japanese millet (Echinochloa crus-galli) ....................... 89 f235 Lentil (Lens esculenta) ................................................ 92 f182 Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) .................................... 97 f333 Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) .................................. 100 f335 Lupin seed (Lupinus albus) ....................................... 103 f345 Macadamia nut (Macadamia spp.) .............................. 111 f8 Maize/Corn (Zea mays) .............................................. 114 f7 Oat (Avena sativa) ..................................................... 122 f12 Pea (Pisum sativum) ................................................. 126 f13 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) ........................................ 132 f201 Pecan nut (Carya illinoensis)...................................... 150 f253 Pine nut, pignoles (Pinus edulis) ................................ 153 f203 Pistachio (Pistacia vera) ............................................ 157 f224 Poppy seed (Papaver somniferum) .............................. 161 f226 Pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo) ................................. 165 f347 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) ................................... 167 f316 Rape seed (Brassica napus) ....................................... 168 f287 Red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) ......................... 172 f9 Rice (Oryza sativa) .................................................... 175 f5 Rye (Secale cereale) ................................................. 184 f10 Sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) .............................. 192 f14 Soybean (Glycine max) .............................................. 200 f124 Spelt wheat (Triticum spelta) ..................................... 216 f227 Sugar-beet seed (Beta vulgaris) .................................. 218 f299 Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) ............................... 220 f256 Walnut (Juglans spp.)................................................ 227 f4 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) ......................................... 235 f15 White bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) ................................. 251 Mixes fx1, fx3, fx5, fx8, fx9 ................................................ 254 fx11, fx12, fx13, fx18, fx20, fx22, fx24 .................... 255 fx25, fx26, fx27, fx28 .............................................. 256 3 4 Legume, nut and seed allergens This reference book describes the 42 The Papilionoideae contains most of the allergens categorized as Legumes, Nuts and important leguminous crop species such as Seeds available as ImmunoCAP® allergens the Soya Bean (Glycine max), Common Pea for in vitro testing. A number of allergens (Pisum sativum), Chickpea (Cicer customarily listed in these categories do not arietinum), French Bean (Phaseolus in the strict sense fulfil the definition of that vulgaris), Lentil (Lens culinaris) and Peanut category either in the botanical sense or (Arachis hypogaea). A legume is a simple because they may easily fit into two dry fruit which develops from a simple carpel categories. For example, Lupin seed could and usually opens along a seam (dehisces) appear to belong to the seed category, and on two sides. Peanut is an indehiscent here is preferentially categorised as a legume. legume. Whether Peanut is a nut or a legume may The majority of the Caesalpinioideae are not always be immediately obvious, in tropical or subtropical trees and shrubs. The particular as Peanut has characteristics of majority of the Mimosoideae are tropical or both. A number of foods classified here, have subtropical trees and shrubs, of which the pollen counterparts that are recognized as genera Acacia and Mimosa have species that aeroallergens resulting in asthma and are extremely important economically, e.g., rhinoconjuctivitis, e.g., Wheat and Rye. bark of the Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha) and Acacia Senegal which yields Legumes commercial gum arabic which is used in a Both grain legumes and nuts consist of a wide range of industrial processes. simple dry fruit carried inside a pod or shell. The legumes consist of the grain and In the strict botanical use of the term, a nut forage legumes. More than forty species and will usually have only one seed and at most countless varieties of grain legumes are two compared to legumes which contain cultivated throughout the world. The legume multiple seeds. Most legumes are dehiscent, family is characterised by flowers that have opening naturally along a seam on two sides, five petals (papilionaceous flower with a compared to a true nut that is always butterfly form), a superior ovary that ripens indehiscent, i.e., does not open on its own. to form a fruit, the specialised pod which Legumes often contain seeds attached to contains seeds, and the ability to use their pods unlike a true nut which is never atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own attached to the ovary wall. Peanut, classified protein compounds, as a result of the as a legume, clearly has features of both nuts symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes but has overriding legume within organs known as nodules developed characteristics, e.g., its high protein yield and on the plant roots, for nearly all of its the capacity to replenish nitrogen in the soil. members. Unlike other cultivated plants, The legumes are members of the Fabaceae legume crops do not need nitrogen (Leguminosae) botanical family. The fertilisation for optimal growth in general. principal unifying feature of the family is the The “forage” legumes are customarily fruit, a pod, technically known as a Legume. grown for whole crop use for animal feed The Fabaceae is a very large family consisting or for industrial purposes. For animal feed, of 650 genera and over 18,000 species. The the crop may be grown for grazing or for family is often divided into three sub-families: the production of silage or hay. Alfalfa Papilionoideae, Caesalpinioideae and (Lucerne) is an example of a forage legume. Mimosoideae. These sub-families are Conversely, “grain” legumes are cultivated sometimes recognised as three separate primarily for their seeds which are rich in families: Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and protein and energy and therefore used for Mimosaceae. human consumption or animal feed. The 5 grain legumes are commercially termed of them are considered by biologists to be “pulses”, but exclude the “leguminous true nuts. Nuts are an important source of oilseeds” that are used primarily for their nutrition for both humans and wildlife. A high oil content. Soybean is an example of nut is the seed of a tree. When we eat the this group. soft layer, we call it a fruit. When we eat the seed we call it a nut. A nut is a seed, but a Legume species may preferable thrive in seed is not necessarily a nut. temperate climates and other prefer tropical regions. The major grain legumes grown True nuts may be edible or inedible; include species belong to a number of tribes. common examples are Acorn, Beechnut, For example, Pea (Pisum sativum) and Lentil Chestnut, and Hazel nut. Fruits or seeds that (Lens culinaris), which are members of the are incorrectly and popularly termed nut Fabeae tribe. The tribe Phaseoleae, include include Almond and Coconut which are Soybean (Glycine max) and White bean actually drupes with the fleshy outer layer (Phaseolus vulgaris). Chickpea (or Garbanzo removed. Brazil nut are seeds contained in bean) (Cicer arietinum), a member of the capsules. Traditionally a distinction has been Cicereae tribe, is a very important grain in made between Peanut and Tree nuts. Peanut the Spanish diet. Lupin seed (tribe is actually a legume, belonging to the family Genisteae), is preferentially classified as a Fabaceae. In common parlance, the culinary legume. Of the legumes, Soybean is the most definition of a nut may carry more weight important grain crop with around 185 than the botanical definition. In culinary million tonnes being produced, grown terms, a nut is any large seed which is used primarily in the USA, Brazil, Argentina,