Updated Miscellaneous Electricity Loads and Appliance Energy Usage Profiles for Use in Home Energy Ratings, the Building America Benchmark Procedures and Related Calculations FSEC-CR-1837-10 January, 2010 (Revised June 10, 2011) Submitted to U.S. Department of Energy Authors Danny Parker Philip Fairey Florida Solar Energy Center Robert Hendron National Renewable Energy Laboratory Copyright ©2009 Florida Solar Energy Center/University of Central Florida All Rights Reserved. Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Acknowledgements This work is primarily sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building America Program under cooperative agreement number DE-FC26-06NT42767. The support and encouragement of program managers – Mr. George James, Mr. Terry Logee, Mr. Ed Pollock and Mr. William Haslebacher – is gratefully acknowledged. This support does not constitute DOE endorsement of the views expressed in this report. The authors appreciate the support of Rob Vieira and Subrato Chandra for their suggestions in the preparation of this report. Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 2 Clothes Washers and Clothes Dryers .................................................................................. 5 2.1 Clothes Washers ............................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Variation of Clothes Washer Use ............................................................................. 6 2.1.2 Procedure to Estimate Clothes Washer Energy Use ................................................ 8 2.1.3 Default Vintage (pre 2008) Clothes Washer ............................................................. 8 2.1.4 Default Standard Efficiency New Clothes Washer (post 2007) ................................ 9 2.1.5 Default Energy Star Clothes Washer ...................................................................... 10 2.2 Clothes Dryers ................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Electric Clothes Dryers: End Use Studies .............................................................. 11 2.2.2 Gas Clothes Dryers ................................................................................................. 12 2.2.3 Variation of Dryer Energy Use with Occupancy .................................................... 13 2.2.4 Procedure to Estimate Clothes Dryer Energy Use ................................................. 13 2.2.5 Comparison of Calculation to Measured Data ....................................................... 15 3 Dishwashers ......................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Dishwasher Energy Factor Calculation .......................................................................... 16 3.1.1 Calculating Dishwasher Machine Energy .............................................................. 16 3.1.2 Estimating Dishwasher Hot Water Consumption .................................................. 17 3.2 Comparison of Method with Measured Dishwashers .................................................... 18 4 Refrigerators ....................................................................................................................... 19 4.1 Reference Standard Refrigerator .................................................................................... 20 4.2 Rating New Refrigerators............................................................................................... 22 4.3 Estimating Annual Refrigerator kWh for Older Units ................................................... 23 5 Range and Oven Energy Use ............................................................................................. 23 5.1 Gas Ranges ..................................................................................................................... 25 5.2 Cooking Trends and Occupancy .................................................................................... 25 5.3 Calculation Procedure for HERS/Benchmark for Cooking Energy ............................... 26 5.3.1 Natural Gas ............................................................................................................. 26 5.3.2 More Efficient Cooking Technologies .................................................................... 26 5.4 Recommended Calculation Procedure for Rated homes ................................................ 27 5.4.1 Electric Cooking ..................................................................................................... 27 5.4.2 Gas Cooking............................................................................................................ 27 6 Television Energy Use......................................................................................................... 27 6.1 Televisions per Household ............................................................................................. 28 6.2 Issues with Energy Rating for Televisions ..................................................................... 28 i 6.3 Calculation Procedure for Television Energy Use ......................................................... 30 6.3.1 HERS Reference or BA Benchmark Home .............................................................. 30 6.3.2 HERS Rated or BA Prototype Home: ..................................................................... 31 7 Ceiling Fans ......................................................................................................................... 32 7.1 Power Use of Ceiling Fans ............................................................................................. 33 7.2 Hours of Use of Ceiling Fans ......................................................................................... 33 7.3 Load Shape ..................................................................................................................... 33 7.4 Influence of Ceiling Fan Use on Thermostat Setting ..................................................... 35 7.5 Methods to Reduce Ceiling Fan Energy Use ................................................................. 35 7.6 How do Ceiling Fans Vary within Households .............................................................. 36 7.7 Summary of Recommendations for Ceiling Fans .......................................................... 37 8 Lighting Energy Use ........................................................................................................... 38 8.1 Previous Calculations ..................................................................................................... 39 8.2 Procedure for Calculating Rated Home Impacts: ........................................................... 40 9 Determination of Residual Miscellaneous Energy Use .................................................... 41 9.1 Proposed Standards for BA Benchmark and HERS Reference Homes ......................... 43 9.2 Internal Gain Percentages............................................................................................... 45 9.3 Comparison with Current HERS Standards ................................................................... 49 10 Potential of Energy Feedback, Automated Controls and Smart Meters in Homes ........ 51 10.1 Feedback Studies ............................................................................................................. 52 10.2 Potential of Comparative Feedback ................................................................................. 52 10.3 Technology Summary ...................................................................................................... 54 10.3.1 Feedback with Automated Controls .......................................................................... 56 10.3.2 Recent Developments in Smart Meters ..................................................................... 59 10.4 Consideration for Implementation into Rating Systems .................................................. 65 11 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 65 12 Future Work .......................................................................................................................