East Asian History VOLUME 1 • JUNE 1991 THE CONTINUATION OF Papers on Far Eastern History Institute of Advanced Studies Australian National University Editor Geremie Barme Assistant Editor Helen Lo Editorial Board John Clark Igor de Rach ewiltz Mark Elvin (Convenor) John Fincher Helen Hardacre Colin Jeffcon W.].F.Jenner Lo Hui-min Gavan MacCormack David Marr Michael Underdown Business Manager Marion Weeks Production Oahn Collins Des ign Maureen MacKenzie, Em Squared Ty pographic Design Printed by Goanna Print, Fyshwick, ACT Th is is the first issue of EastAsian History in th e series previously entitled Papers on Far Eastern history. As before, the journal will be pub lished twice a year. Contributions should be sent to Th e Editor, EastAsi an History Division of Pacific and Asian History, Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University , GPO Box 4, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Phone 06 249 3140 Fax 06 249 1839 Subscription Enquiries The Business Manager, EastAsian History,at the above address Annual Subscription Rates Australia A$20 Overseas US$20 iii Jt CONTENTS 1 The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD Raje deCrespigny 37 City Planning and Palace Architecture in the Creation of the Nara Political Order: The Accomodation of Place and Purpose at HeijO-ky6 WilliamH. Coaldrake 55 The Darqad and the Uriyangqai of Lake Kobsogol Ceveng (C.t.tamcarano�translated byI. deRachewilt z &j.R.K rneger 81 Concepts of Nature and Technology in Pre-Industrial Japan TessaMo rris-Suzuki 98 The Ching-shan Diary: A Clue to its Forgery Lo Hui-min 125 The Meiji Constitution: Theory and Practice Masuda To mo�translated byA. Fraser 141 Using the Past to Save the Present: Dai Qing's Historiographical Dissent GeremieBarme iv Cover calligraphy Yan Zhenqing M�J�O, Tang calligrapher and statesman Cover illustration 'Rokuro'[Lathel, by Tachibana Minko ��IttI, in �il�A Saiga shokuninburui m� [Illustrations of different types of craftsmenl, Edo, 1770 98 LO HUI-MIN Figure 1 The reverse side of Ching-shan 's visiting-card (original size), showing his address in the lower right-hand corner: "Residence, west side of Nan-ho-yen, inside Tung-an men" (given to the writer by Liu Ts'un-yan, Professor Emeritus of the Australian National University, from the collect­ ion of his father, Liu Tsung-ch 'uan) THE CHING-SHAN DIARY: A CLUE TO ITS FORGERY � LoHui-min This is a revised version of a paper for a conference commemorating the 90th 1 lbe Magiya clan derived its name from its anniversary of the Boxer Uprising held in Tsinan, Shantung province, in place of origin in the part ofnorth-eastern October 1990. It deals with the unresolved controversy surrounding the so­ Manchuria which after1858 became a Sino­ Russian borderregion. lbe district in which Ching-shan Diary B �c, called :JR-ff one of the best-known documents in Sui-fen is situated, traversed from 1896 by modem Chinese history. In spite of evidence marshalled against its authen­ the Russian railwayto Vladivostok, (euphem­ ticity, the Diary continues to exercise a wide and undeserved influence, and istically known as the Chinese EasternRail­ remains an enigma for many scholars. This paper introduces a clue from way), was a pointof concentration of Magiya Ching-shan's records which, it is hoped, will prove the Diary's fo rgerybeyond clan settlement. lbe Plain White Banner doubt, thereby helping to lay to rest this long-drawn-out controversy. corps, in which Ching-shan's seventh-gener­ ation ancestor enlisted, formed the van­ Material published here for the first time, along with related questions and guard of the invading Manchu forces which larger issues, will be dealt with more fu lly in a fo rthcoming book, The Quest captured Peking on 6 June 1644, com­ for the Ghost of Ching-shan, in which assistance received from various manded by Dorgon� m1l(1612-50, the individuals and institutions will be acknowledged. fourteenth son of Nurhachi), who, as Regent during the minority of his nephew Fu-Iin (the Emperor Shun-chih), ruled the con­ Ching-shan .*d�tLI) was a Manchu of the Magiya (Sinicized as Ma-chia *��, quered country with his policy of assimila­ .� tIDclan from the district of Sui-fen where his great-great -great -great­ tion, adhered to with little change by great-grandfather, Tung-shan" LlJ(l!=-), enlisted in the plain WhiteBanner subsequent rulers, a policy which led to the s:11X Corps IE on the establishment of the Banner system in the early seven­ obliteration of the Manchus as a separate teenth century.1 For the services rendered by this ancestor, who was made a people with an distinctive culture even before the dynasty's overthrow in 1911. captain or tso-ling1ti:�, the family enjoyed certain privileges associated with , Ching-shan's own family well illustrates this the hereditary post, which, however, yielded diminishing returns with time.2 process, one in which, in the words of the Although Ching-shan's great-grandfather, P'u-lien .f,t, managed to gain em­ member for Lyme Regis, Gibson Bowes, in ployment as a government official, becoming in due course the chih-fu�Jf.f a British House of Commons debate at the time of the Boxer Uprising: "Twenty-one (equivalent, in case, to a present-day mayor) ofYunnanfu, the capital of the this times has China been invaded, and twenty­ province of that name, Ching-shan's father, Sung-ling *1i( *'M) , was the first one times has China absorbed the invader, in the seven generations of hisbranch ofthe family to enter the dynasty's ruling and the invader has become Chinese." hierarchy through the so-calledcheng-t'uIE � ('properchannel'} he succeeded (Hansard, 4th series, vol. 85, coI.423.) in passing the provincial examination in 1819, and became a county magistrate 2 It is not known whether Tung-shan lived long enough to take partin the invasion of in Honan province, with which post he ended his official career.3 9:0\1% China, as his son, Ching-shan's sixth- lOVER 99 100 LO HUI-MIN Igeneration ancestor, Fu-k'e l!;�,who in­ Bornin the fourthyear of the EmperorTao-kuang (on 3 December 1824), herited the ISo-ling post, would most prob­ sixteen years before the Opium War, Ching-shan was brought up to follow ably have done. Tso-ling was both an official title and an administrative unit within a his father's official path; but he was to do very much better.4 It was he who banner corps, sometimes describedas equiv­ brought the family fortunes to a pinnacle before they crashed as a result of alent, for all practical purposes, to a Chinese the Boxer Uprising. In 1859, a few months before the Anglo-French exped­ bsienor county, except that it was mobile. itioary forces sacked the Summer Palace IKI W]outside til Peking, Ching-shan Some Manchu banner corps grew in time to embraceas many as eighty ISo-ling.Certain passed the provincial examination held in the capital.Ifi���, forty years aspects of this arrangement were retained to the very day after his father had done 50.5 Coming 32nd in the list of 243 long after the old Manchu structure had successful candidates, he showed himself to be well above the average as been absorbed into the traditional Chinese a scholar. Four years after that achievement, in 1863, he asserted a further administrative system. The hereditaryISo-ling post to which Tung-shan was appointed claim to high officein the Empire by gaining in the metropolitan examination passed, afterhis son Fu-k'e, down a differ­ the chin-shih �± degree, the highest in the system. Ranked 122nd out of ent branch of the family from Ching-shan's. the 200 successful candidates in the hui-shih *� (primary round), Ching­ 3 For the careers of Ching-shan's great- shan improved his position in the ju-shih 5� (revision test), gaining the grandfather, P'u-Iien, and father, Sung-ling, 22nd place in the Second Class list, and ended up in the lien-shih ��, or see Cbin-sben-Iu; and also Sung-ling's pro­ vincial examination record for 1819. (For the Palace examination, to lead the Third Class Honours list of 119; he made a precise whereaboutsof such records, seeLo further advance on being promoted to the Second Class in the ch 'ao-k'ao Hui-min's forthcoming book on Ming and WJ� (Court examination), and was chosen as one of fifty-six scholars to Ch'ing examination results.) spend two years of further study in the much honoured imperial academy 4 Ching-shan's birth date is discussed in the �**�.6 Appendix at the end of this paper. for the elite-the Han-lin yuan Uponbeing released from his Han-lin internshipin 1865, Ching-shan was 5 Provincial examinations were resumed in 1645, a year after thenew dynasty was estab­ thrown into the bureaucratic machine. Unlike his father who, as noted earlier, lished in Peking. With very few exceptions, ended his working life in provincial governmentat county level, Ching-shan the normally triennial provincial examin­ was to spend the remainder of his life in the capital and its immediate ations held in the capital started invariably on the 6th day of the 8th moon, and those environs, with the exception of two brief stints-at Chengtu in 1879 and at of 1819 and 1859 were no exception. Nan-ch'angin 1888in his capacity as chief examiner 1E�-g for the provincial 6 The classificationof results in the normally examinations of Szechwan and Kiangsi provinces respectively? triennial metropolitan examination was not Starting off as a junior secretary, or chu-shih j:1fl:, in the Board of dissimilar to that ofOxford and Cambridge­ Finance)5$ with a rank (6A in the bureaucratic nine-tier hierarchy) one though most Chinese candidates would have disagreed with Evelyn Waugh's Cousin]as­ degree above that which his father had attained C7A) at the end of his per, that " ...either a first or a fourth.