2007 Transformation Audit Leadership and legitimacy • Leadership and the health of institutions • Democratic structures: public confidence drops • SETAS, SAQA and the skills complex • Higher education and the elite • Poverty and land reform AN ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE FOR JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION Leadership and legitimacy Edited by Susan Brown Transformation Audit Institute for Justice and Reconciliation www.transformationaudit.org.za www.ijr.org.za 2007 Transformation Audit www.transformationaudit.org.za Published by the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation Wynberg Mews, 10 Brodie Road, Wynberg 7800, Cape Town, South Africa www.ijr.org.za Text © Institute for Justice and Reconciliation © Jan Hofmeyr, pages 7, 27, 36, 38 © Eric Miller/Independent Contributors/africanpictures.net, pages 30, 37 © Guy Stubbs/Independent Contributors/africanpictures.net, pages X, 55 © Rodger Bosch/iAfrica Photos, pages XVI, 67 © Drew Findlay/iAfrica Photos, pages 71, 72 All rights reserved ISBN: 978-1-920219-05-5 Scorecard calculations: Alta Fölscher, Servaas van der Berg and Ingrid Woolard Designed and produced by Compress www.compress.co.za Orders to be placed with either Blue Weaver Marketing and Distribution Tel: +27 (21) 701 4477 Fax:+27 (21) 701 7302 E-mail: [email protected] or the IJR Tel: +27 (21) 763 7137 E-mail: [email protected] contents List of tables and fi gures vi Contributors viii Preface ix Charles Villa-Vicencio Introduction xi Susan Brown CHAPTER 1 Economics and governance 01 Scorecard: Economic performance 03 Analysis The democracy paradox 04 Ralph Mathekga Research Elements of trust 08 Jan Hofmeyr CHAPTER 2 Employment and redress 13 Scorecard: Labour market performance 15 Reasearch What are the prospects for SETAs? 16 Carmel Marock Viewpoint Qualifi cations system and educational transformation 24 A SAQA perspective Briefi ng Employment equity 28 Claudia Phiri Briefi ng Provincial institutional health indicators 32 2007 Transformation Audit CONTENTS iii contents CHAPTER 3 Education 39 Scorecard: Education and skills development 41 Research Higher education and social justice 42 Nick Taylor, Brahm Fleisch & Jennifer Shindler Research Research School-fi nancing reform: Adequacy and equality 50 Russell Wildeman Research Higher education and social justice 56 André du Toit CHAPTER 4 Poverty and land reform 63 Scorecard: Income poverty and inequality 65 Scorecard: Access poverty 66 Briefi ng South Africa’s land reform programmes 68 Tim O’Shea Research Land reform and poverty eradication: In search of solid ground 72 Ruth Hall Appendix 89 References 91 2007 Transformation Audit CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES Table 1.2.1: Confi dence in South African institutions 10 Table 1.2.2: Evaluation of government performance 10 Table 1.2.3: Trust in leaders 11 Table 2.3.1. Employment equity by occupational level 28 Table 2.3.2: Managers in the public service 200607 31 Table 2.3.3: Employment equity by occupational category for Africans. 2006/07 31 Table 3.1.1: Participation rate in schools by gender, 2001 43 Table 3.1.2: Provincial education expenditure, 2003/04 43 Table 3.1.3: Comprehensive education expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product, 2004 44 Table 3.2.1: The national poverty distribution table based on household income 2000 (%) 51 Table 3.2.2: The national targets table for the period 2008–2010 52 Table 4.1.1: Budget allocations to selected programmes of the National Department of Agriculture 2007/08–2009/10 85 vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES LEADERSHIP AND LEGITIMACY FIGURES Figure 2.1.1: Fukuyama’s strength and scope model 19 Figure 2.1.2: Fukuyama’s strength and scope model in the assessment of SETA’s capacity 20 Figure 2.3.1: Top management and professionals in employment equity dataset, 2006/07 29 Figure 2.3.2: Technicians and elementary occupation in employment equity dataset, 2006/07 29 Figure 2.3.3: Distribution of skills development and promotions 2006/07 30 Figure 3.2.1: Percentage of learners at each achievement level 44 2007 Transformation Audit LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vii CONTRIBUTORS Ralph Mathekga (MA Wits) is a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of the Western Cape and a PhD candidate at the New School for Social Research, New York. He previously worked with the Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA) as Political Researcher. His research interests include democratization, civil society and local government structures in post-apartheid South Africa. Ruth Hall [MPhil (Development Studies) Oxford] is a senior researcher at the Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) at the University of the Western Cape and a doctoral candidate at Oxford. Before joining PLAAS, she was senior researcher at the Centre for Rural Legal Studies (CRLS), Stellenbosch. She has also researched land reform policies and practices in South Africa and in India. Jan Hofmeyr [MPhil, Hons. (Journalism) Stellenbosch] is a senior researcher at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, where he heads its South African Reconciliation Barometer Survey Project and edits the quarterly SA Reconciliation Barometer publication. His research interests include transformation politics and political behaviour. Claudia Phiri completed her MA in Research Psychology from the University of Cape Town. She also holds a BA in Law and Humanities as well as a honours degree in Social Sciences from the same university. She is currently a research intern at the Political Analysis Unit at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation. She is interested in economic and social development in Africa. Nick Taylor (MSc Rhodes, PhD Witwatersrand) is CEO of JET Education Services, a non-profi t organization involved in project management, research and evaluation of education programmes. He has written extensively on schooling, including two coauthored books: Getting Learning Right (1999) and Getting Schools Working (2003). He is a member of Umalusi’s Statistics Committee and Research Forum, and a former member of the National Skills Authority. Timothy O’Shea is a graduate student in law and public policy at the Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy at Duke University. He also worked as a research intern in the Political Analysis Unit at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation. Ben Parker (BA (Hons), MA, PhD, HDE (PG)) is research director at the South African Qualifi cations Authority and a visiting associate professor at the University of the Witwatersrand. He has served as director of teacher education in the Department of Education and as chairperson of the Ministerial Committee on Rural Education. He is a former professor of education at the University of KwaZulu- Natal. André du Toit (DrsPhil Leyden University, DPhil Stellenbosch University) is an Emeritus Professor with the department of Political Studies at the University of Cape Town. His research interests include political ethics, ideologies and discourse, transitional justice and the narrative interpretation of political violence in South Africa. In 2007, he authored the research report Autonomy as a Social Compact for the Council on Higher Education. Servaas van der Berg [Mcom (Economics) Pretoria; PhD Stellenbosch] is a professor of economics at the University of Stellenbosch. He has served as a consultant for numerous organisations, including the World Bank, UNDP, the Development Bank of Southern Africa, various government departments, and private sector institutions. His research focuses on poverty, inequality and social policy, including education. Russell Wildeman (BA, HDipEd Western Cape, MPhil Stellenbosch) is an Education Specialist at Idasa, where he has been based since 2000. Apart from researching education policy and fi nancing in post-apartheid South Africa, his current research interests also include the evolution of the intergovernmental fi scal relations system and its impact on equity and redress in education. Ingrid Woolard [BSc Natal, BAHons South Africa, PhD (Economics) Cape Town] is a Chief Research Offi cer at the Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit at UCT. She currently co-directs the National Income Dynamics Study, South Africa’s fi rst nationally representative household panel survey. Her research interests include income inequality, the measurement of poverty, social assistance and labour market issues. Alta Fölscher contributed to the conceptualisation of the Transformation Audit and scorecards, and is a consultant with experience in governance, public expenditure and civil service management systems, the assessment of and recommendations for public spending and in costing policy. viii CONTRIBUTORS LEADERSHIP AND LEGITIMACY PREFACE s a nation we made history in opening up a nation- Reconciliation Barometer. The prospect is that this contradiction wide dialogue about our identity and our future. Now will further erode economic confi dence. more than ever we need this to be re-activated, and Considering the patterns of employment, we see that though we need it to be about South Africans and not ruling 1.9 million formal sector jobs have been created in the past three Aparty factions. years, the painful mismatch between available jobs and job We face more than a crisis of governance. The present crisis seekers is becoming more acute. The vacancy rate of top strikes at the very roots of our democracy. The Institute conducts managerial and specialist posts in government alone is in some a yearly representative national public opinion survey called the departments (notably land) and some provinces enough