diFATTEN 1 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile 1. Tando Allahyar District Tando Allahyar district, created in May 2005 having previously been a taluka of Hyderabad district, comprises three talukas (namely Tando Allahyar, Jhando Mari and Chambar). The district has a total geographical area of 1,588 square kilometres and shares its borders with the districts of Sanghar, Mirpur Khas, Badin, Tando Muhammad Khan, Hyderabad and Matiari. The geographical position of the district is depicted below in Figure 1: Figure 1: Geographical Map of Tando Allahyar District 2. Overall Development Situation in Tando Allahyar District According to the Human Development Index (HDI) of 2013, Tando Allahyar is an underdeveloped district with a value of 0.46, which is lower than the gross HDI value of Sindh province (0.59). The index reflects a composite statistic used to rank life expectancy, education and per-capita Gross National Income in the area to judge the level of “human development” where Medium Human Development ranges from 0.555 to 0.699 and a rank below 0.555 signifies Low Human Development. When compared with the neighbouring districts, Tando Allahyar appears to be in second place after Sanghar and Hyderabad as reflected in Figure 2 belowi. Tando Allahyar and all of its neighbours are in the underdeveloped district category. 2 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile Tando Allahyar District Human Development Index Rankings in Comparison to its Neighbours 0.51 0.51 0.46 0.43 0.42 0.46 0.3 Tando Sanghar Mirpur Badin Tando Hyderabad Matiari Allahyar Khas Muhammad Khan Figure 2: HDI Ranking of Tando Allahyar District and its Neighbours 3. Demographics According to a 2016 estimate, Tando Allahyar has an estimated population of 719,042 individuals (with an annual population growth rate of 2.41%). In 1998, the current area constituting Tando Allahyar had a population of 468,373. The 1998 census reported the Male-to-Female ratio as 52:48 while the EU Programme for Improved Nutrition in Sindh (PINS) survey in the district gave a ratio of 51.25:48.75. Based on the EU profiling exercise for Tando Allahyar, the distribution of age groups by percentage of the district population is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Age of the Population in Tando Allahyar District Age Group Male (%) Female (%) Total 0-5 7.80% 5.31% 13.11% 6-14 13.60% 12.18% 25.78% 15-18 8.06% 8.26% 16.32% 19-49 19.66% 19.82% 39.48% 50-59 1.96% 2.63% 4.59% 60+ 0.17% 0.55% 0.72% Total 51.25% 48.75% 100.00% Tando Allahyar, like most districts in Sindh, can be characterised as rural since 78% of the population resides in rural areas as compared to the 22% that resides in urban areasii. According to census data, the average household size is 5.8 members but based on the profiling survey, the average household size is 6 members. The Sindhi language is spoken by 80% of the total population followed by Urdu (11%), Punjabi (4.3%) and Balochi (2%). The remaining 2.7% speaks other languages (see Table 2 for key population and demographic figures for the district). 3 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile Table 2: Key Figures for Tando Allahyar District Population 1998 468,373 Estimated Population 2016 719,042 Males 373,902 (52%) Females 345,140 (48%) Urban 158,189 (22%) Rural 560,853 (78%) Sindhi (80.0%) Urdu (11.0%) Languages Spoken Punjabi (4.3%) Balochi (2.0%) Others (2.7%) Population Annual Growth 2.41% Rate (1981-1998) Total Households (est. 2016) 123,973 Average Household Size 5.8 persons per household Population Density 453 persons per km2 Total Area 1,588 km2 4. Poverty Status The Multidimensional Poverty Report (MPR)1 of 2014/15 reports that 64.2% of the population of Tando Allahyar was living below the poverty line in 2008/09. This increased to 64.5% in 2010/11 and then fell to 60.9% in 2012/13. In 2014/15, the district registered a poverty rate of 67.3% (an increase of 6.4 percentage points on 2012/13)iii. The poverty scorecard survey conducted by the Rural Support Programme Network (RSPN) under the Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening Support (SUCCESS) project reports that Tando Allahyar has a poverty rate of 53.5%. This survey collected and analysed data against various indicatorsiv. 68.1% of the households in Tando Allahyar do not own any durable goods, 18.1% do not own any productive assets and 84.2% do not own any cultivable land. Across all districts profiled by SUCCESS, 56.2% of the households do not own any durable goods, 35.8% do not own any productive assets and 83.9% do not own any cultivable land2.Around 5.4% of the population consists of widows/widowers, 0.1% is divorced and 0.5% is separated3. 1 The MPR includes the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) which is based on the Alkire-Foster methodology and has 3 dimensions: education, health and living standards. To tailor the measure to Pakistan’s context and public policy priorities, 15 indicators were used for this national measure instead of the 10 employed for the global measure. Of these 15 indicators, 3 are included under the dimension of education (years of schooling, child school attendance and educational quality), 4 under health (access to health facilities/clinics/Basic Health Units, immunisation, ante-natal care and assisted delivery) and 8 under living standards (water, sanitation, walls, overcrowding, electricity, cooking fuel, assets and a land/livestock indicator specifically for rural areas). All these elements are directly related to nutrition as better education, health and income leads to improved nutrition status within the district. 2 RSPN-Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening Support (SUCCESS) Programme Page 11 3 RSPN-Sindh Union Council and Community Economic Strengthening Support (SUCCESS) Programme Page 7 4 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile 5. Economy and Agriculture According to the EU PINS Survey, in Tando Allahyar district 75.9% of the households had an income of PKR 10,000 or below, 15.1% had an income of PKR 10,001-15,000 and 9% had an income of PKR 15,001 or above as can be seen from the pie chart in Figure 3 below. The average monthly income across the surveyed households is PKR 9,990. 4.3% 4.8% 15.1% PKR 10,000 or below PKR 10,001 - 15,000 PKR 15,001 - 20,000 PKR 20,001 and above 75.9% Figure 3: Household Income In Tando Allahyar district 78.5% of households had a monthly expenditure of PKR 10,000 or below, 12.7% had a monthly expenditure of PKR 10,001-15,000 and the remainder had an expenditure of PKR 15,001 or above as can be seen from the pie chart in Figure 4 below. On average, household expenditure is PKR 9,158 per household per month in Tando Allahyar. Food constitutes by far the most important item of household expenditure followed by health. Almost 9% of the households are making regular payments with regard to debt (the amount of debt being below PKR 10,000 in 88% of cases). 3.1% 5.6% 12.7% PKR 10,000 or below PKR 10,001 - 15,000 PKR 15,001 - 20,000 PKR 20,001 and above 78.5% Figure 4: Household Expenditure 5 | P a g e District Nutrition Profile In 90.2% of households in Tando Allahyar, there is only one earner while 7.8% of households have two earners. Of all the households in Tando Allahyar, 66% are earning below PKR 10,000 per month and 29.1% are earning between PKR 10,000 and 20,000 per month. Table 3 shows the percentage of all households in each income bracket by number of earners. Table 3: % of Households in Each Income Bracket by Number of Earners, Tando Allahyar District Number of Earners Income (PKR) Total 1 2 3 4 5 or more < 10,000 63.1 2.9 - - - 66.0 10,000 – 20,000 25.2 2.9 1.0 - - 29.1 20,001 – 30,000 1.4 0.5 1.0 - - 2.9 30,001 – 40,000 0.5 0.5 - - - 1.0 40,001 – 50,000 - 0.5 - - - 0.5 > 50,000 - 0.5 - - - 0.5 % of all households 90.2 7.8 2.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Data Source: CARDNO PINS Survey 2017 Paid unskilled non-agricultural labour (44.1%), paid unskilled agricultural labour (12.2%), smallholder farming (12%) and small business/self-employed (6.1%) are the main sources of income as can be seen in the pie chart in Figure 5 below. 0.8% 2.3% Smallholder farmer 1.3% Medium/Large/scale farmer 2.3% 2.3% 5.6% 12.0% Livestock producer 0.5% 1.3% Skilled agricultural worker 6.1% Unskilled agricultural worker 2.3% Skilled wage labour (Non agriculture) 12.2% Unskilled wage labour (Non agriculture) Petty trage Small business (Self Employeed) 6.9% Forestry Worker Government employee 44.1% Other salaried employee Remittences from relatives Other Figure 5: Sources of Household Income The rainy season in Tando Allahyar district lasts from June/July to September and the cropping calendar is divided into two seasons: the Rabi and the Kharif. Men and women have distinct productive activities and responsibilities in agriculture, with both men and women actively involved on the family farm although women are considered to play a more supportive role in agricultural work.