GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE PUGET SOUND AQUIFER SYSTEM, WASHINGTON AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BRITISH COLUMBIA CANADA __ UNITED STATES WASHINGTON . -4 OREGON PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1424-C ctence for a changing world Availability of Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey Order U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications by calling Documents. Check or money order must be payable to the the toll-free telephone number 1-888-ASK-USGS or contact­ Superintendent of Documents. Order by mail from ing the offices listed below. Detailed ordering instructions, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the cur­ Superintendent of Documents rent-year issues of the catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Government Printing Office Geological Survey." 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Jones REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS PUGET-WILLAMETTE LOWLAND U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1424-C U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Reston, Virginia 1999 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Jones, M. A. (Myrtle Anne), 1952- Geologic framework for the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia / by Myrtle A. Jones. p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1424-C) (Regional aquifer-system analysis Puget-Willamette lowland) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-607-89341-9 1. Aquifers Washington (State) Puget Sound Region. 2. Aquifers British Columbia. 3. Geology, Stratigraphic Quaternary. 4. Glacial landforms Washington (State) Puget Sound Region. 5. Glacial landforms British Columbia. I. Title. II. Series. Ill Series: Regional aquifer-system analysis Puget-Willamette lowland. GB1199.3.W2J66 1998. 551.49'09797'7'-dc21 98-14971 CIP For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. FOREWORD THE REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAM The RASA Program represents a systematic effort to study a number of the Nation's most important aquifer systems, which, in aggregate, underlie much of the country and which represent an important component of the Nation's total water supply. In general, the boundaries of these studies are identified by the hydrologic extent of each system and, accordingly, tran­ scend the political subdivisions to which investigations have often arbi­ trarily been limited in the past. The broad objective for each study is to assemble geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical information, to analyze and develop an understanding of the system, and to develop predictive capabili­ ties that will contribute to the effective management of the system. The use of computer simulation is an important element of the RASA studies to develop an understanding of the natural, undisturbed hydrologic system and the changes brought about in it by human activities and to provide a means of predicting the regional effects of future pumping or other stresses. The final interpretive results of the RASA Program are presented in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers that describe the geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of each regional aquifer system. Each study within the RASA Program is assigned a single Professional Paper number beginning with Professional Paper 1400. Charles G. Groat Director CONTENTS Page Page Foreword ...................................................................................... Ill Geologic Framework Continued Abstract ...................................................................................... Cl Unconsolidated Deposits .................................................... C12 Introduction...................................................................................... 1 Thickness of Unconsolidated Deposits................................. 12 Background ................................................................................ 1 Hydrogeologic Units ...................................................................... 16 Purpose and Scope .................................................................... 5 Local Hydrogeologic Units ..................................................... 16 Physical Setting ........................................................................ 5 Regional Hydrogeologic Units ............................................... 21 Geologic Framework........................................................................ 5 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................... 25 Geologic Structure .................................................................... 8 Selected References ....................................................................... 27 Basement Confining Unit...................................................... 11 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE l.Map showing top of basement confining unit, Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia. 2. Map showing thickness of Unconsolidated deposits, Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia. 3-18. Maps showing surficial hydrogeologic units of the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia, for: 3. The Fraser Valley. 4. The Roche Harbor quadrangle. 5. The Bellingham quadrangle. 6. The Mount Baker and Robinson Mountain quadrangles. 7. The Port Angeles quadrangle. 8. The Port Townsend quadrangle. 9. The Sauk River and Twisp quadrangles. 10. The Mount Olympus quadrangle. 11. The Seattle quadrangle. 12. The Skykomish River quadrangle. 13. The Shelton quadrangle. 14. The Tacoma quadrangle. 15. The Snoqualmie Pass quadrangle. 16. The Chehalis River quadrangle. 17. The Centralia quadrangle. 18. The Mount Rainier quadrangle. Page FIGURES 1-3. Maps showing: 1. Locations of the Puget Sound Lowland and the Willamette Lowland, which make up the Puget-Willamette Lowland regional aquifer-system study area.....................................................................................................................C2 2. Major geographic features of the Puget Sound Lowland ..................................................................................................