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Published twice a year by Res Publica Nowa (Poland) in partnership with Europeum (Czech Republic) with the kind support of the International Visegrad Fund. Further information and orders at: [email protected] Contents September 2013, volume 7, issue 3 Editor’s 6 A Grand Historic Loop? Analysis Mitchell Belfer 8 Cold War Engagements: Czechoslovakia and Latin America Kateřina Březinová Research 12 Czechoslovak– Articles Latin American Relations 1945–1989 Josef Opatrný 38 Turbines and Weapons for Latin America Kateřina Březinová 59 Arms for Arbenz Lukáš Perutka 77 Czech Tractors, Cuban Oranges Hana V. Bortlová 96 Czechoslovakia and Brazil 1945–1989 Matyáš Pelant 118 Political and Economic Relations between Czechoslovakia and the Military Regimes of the Southern Cone in the 1970s and 1980s Michal Zourek 144 National Security Intelligence Book Reviews Reviewed by Andrei Alexandru Babadac 146 Demobilizing Irregular Forces Reviewed by Yehonatan Cohen 149 From Solidarity to Martial Law: The Polish Crisis of 1980–1981, A Documentary History Reviewed by Teodora-Maria Daghie 152 The Bush Leadership, The Power of Ideas and the War on Terror Reviewed by Dylan Kissane 155 Globalization and the Environment: Capitalism, Ecology and Power Reviewed by Kacper Szulecki Always more at cejiss.org Frequently updated articles and comments reflecting changes to international relations between hard copy publications. A Grand Historic Loop? Reading the Cold War as the Present Mitchell Belfer Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr’s epigram that the ‘more things change, the more they stay the same,’ has underscored the logic of internation- al political life throughout the ages. That people have been duped by their leaders and each other, that the promise of international progress is eclipsed by the realities of runaway nationalisms and exclusion and that petty differences are exaggerated to insurmountable levels has formed a main artery in the metanarrative of civilisation despite long periods of wound-licking and reflection. Each passing decade and ebb- ing century bears witness to humanity and its barbarity doppelganger. Unfortunately, records are meant to be broken. The 20th century – the most destructive in history – had promised so much. International cooperation, economic productivity, technological advances and dia- logue were meant to have replaced violence and armed force. And yet each innovation that brought people closer together were first used to assail one another: trains shifted armies in one direction and the van- quished in another, factories turned out the means of warfare while medical experimentation was deployed in horrific ways as a means of genocide, democide and gendercide. As the century’s early wars of nation gave way its later wars of ide- ology, the globalising technologies of international transportation and trade ensured that no state or people would be spared as the great- and superpowers engaged in proxy war while pitting nation against nation in a series of conflicts and crises collectively referred to as the Cold War. This was an age of innocence lost; democratic and demagogic dictatorships stood shoulder to shoulder as socialism was hijacked and used as a tool of repression. There was no “right” side to that war. But there were victims. There were victims of circumstance and vic- tims of trust – those that had their roles laid-out for them and those that believed the rhapsody of their partners. There were those that 6 played bloc-politics because they were obliged and those that witting- ly joined the fray because of the orientation of their national moral compasses. In either case, the great powers bear responsibility for the turbulence of the 20th century; a century whose wounds remain deep and open. Editor’s For this reason, it is essential not to relegate the Cold War to his- Analysis torical renditions but to treat those times as the pillars of the contem- porary international environment. The European map that packaged the nation neatly into the state is a testament of those dark times. In Africa, the right angles of national frontiers bespeak a colonialism that severed nations and ensured a century of turmoil to rectify historical wrongs. Latin America and Asia – on the periphery of 20th century con- volutions – are prone to dictatorship and internal combustion. And the small states? These have been deeply instumentalised by the raw ambitions of the powerful. From the vantage of the post-Cold War order, which prioritises hu- man and not national security, it is easy to forget the nuances of polit- ical intrigue from a short history ago. But that was not another world, just a different version. So far, Karr has been correct. Every generation promises peace and every other generation delivers mortal combat. But Karr was no prophet; he was a satirist poking fun at the incredulity of a progressing humanity that lacked the wherewithal to progress. His was a lesson that has not yet been learned; there is no such thing as political or human determinism. History is neither a loop nor elastic, it is only human. 7 Cold War Engagements: Czechoslovakia and Latin America Political, economic, and cultural relations between Czechoslovakia and Latin America in the second half of the 20th century Kateřina Březinová Traditional interpretations of Latin America’s Cold War describe these affairs as a direct outcome of superpower rivalry in the region or as a result of u.s. democracy-promotion programs. However, as Cold War archives open around the world, it becomes evident