Tephra Popcorn Grade Level: 6–9 Overview Students measure the volume and mass of popcorn before and after popping in an exploration of how expanding gas bubbles inflate and fragment magma during a Learner Objectives: volcanic eruption. They study the physical Students will: characteristics of tephra using samples or photographs. ● Understand meaning of the term “tephra” ● Observe that volcanic ash consists of rock fragments and not a burned substance 1 ● Recognize that expanding gas Timeframe: 50 minutes bubbles can inflate and fragment magma explosively Comparing Tephra to Popcorn— 30 minutes ● Understand that the volume of erupted bubble-filled tephra is greater than the Analyzing the Characteristics of Volcanic original volume of magma because of Ash—20 minutes the expansion of gas bubbles ● Recognize volcanic ash (grain size equal Materials: to or less than 2 millimeters, or Comparing Tephra to Popcorn 1/10 inch) as a common form of tephra ● Graphic “Images of Popcorn—Up Close” ● Identify energy transformations that occur in popping corn and a tephra ● Graphic “Soda Bottle Volcano” eruption ● Graphic “Tephra Types” ● Volcanic gases are an important driving ● Student pages “Tephra Popcorn” force of volcanic eruptions One for each student group: Setting: Classroom ● Hot air popper or stove and pot for corn popping ● 2 1/2 cups unpopped kernels NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ● Graduated cylinder, beaker, or metric kitchen measuring cups (one liter or larger) Living with a Volcano in Your Backyard- ● Empty containers for popped kernels An Educator's Guide with Emphasis on Mount Rainier ● Scale or balance Prepared in collaboration with the National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey continued..... General Information Product 19 Activity last modified: November 21, 2014 Tephra Popcorn-continued . Analyzing the Characteristics of Volcanic Ash ● Graphic “Samples Collected by a Geologist” ● Copies of student page “Samples Collected by a Geologist” Vocabulary: Blocks, bread-crust bombs, conduit, eruption, eruption cloud, explosion, lava, lithic, magma, magma chamber, obsidian, Pele’s Hair, pumice, scoria, spindle-shaped bombs, tephra, vent, vesicles, volcano, volcanic ash, volcanic gas, viscous Skills: Comparison, describing, 2 measurement, observation, prediction Benchmarks: See benchmarks in Introduction. Tephra Popcorn-continued . Teacher Background Tephra—General term for fragments blasted into the air by a volcano Tephra is a general term used for fragments of volcanic rock, regardless of size, that a volcano blasts into the air by an explosion or eruption. Tephra is not a product of combustion like ash produced by burning wood or paper. Some tephra originates as local rock while other tephra consists of fresh magma that retains gases and is bubbly in appearance. The heat and expansion of volcanic gas can force tephra and steam to rise to high altitudes as part of a billowing eruption cloud that resembles a giant puff of smoke. Tephra ranges in size from enormous blocks the size of small houses to volcanic ash (particles < 2 mm (1/10 inch) in diameter). Tephra comes in a variety of shapes and textures, such as masses of solid blocks, bubbly pumice, bread-crust and spindle-shaped bombs, fine dust, and at some volcanoes, of glass fibers called 3 Pele’s Hair. Gases are an important driving force of volcanic eruptions The expansion and release of volcanic gases (principally water vapor) provide the energy for eruptions. Gas bubbles expand dramatically within the magma as they rise from a deep, high-pressure to a shallow, low-pressure environment. As they rise up the conduit, the gas expands to the breaking point and explodes, causing the magma to break into fragments. Evidence of gas bubbles in magma is preserved as holes (vesicles) in tephra and lava rocks. See the Soda Bottle Volcano activity for further detail. The expansion of magma during a volcanic eruption During the journey from the magma chamber to the vent of a volcano, gas bubbles expand to a thousand times or so of their original size, which increases the volume of magma by three to four times. An inexact analogy can be made with the effect that baker’s yeast has as it feeds on bread dough. The yeast produces carbon dioxide bubbles that expand and force the dough to rise in the bowl. The result is a highly porous loaf of bread. By these volcanic processes described above, gases are added to the atmosphere and oceans. The activity below, “Comparing Tephra to Popcorn,” addresses the evolution of bubble- filled tephra. Tephra Popcorn-continued . The Texture of Tephra Particles Provides Clues to Their Origin After a volcano erupts tephra into the air, large particles fall back onto the volcano’s slopes, while finer particles are carried away from the volcano by the wind. The appearance of tephra tells us a lot about its origin and cooling history. Find a comprehensive list of tephra appearances on the Internet Resources Page. Bubble-filled (Vesicular) Tephra and Pumice Pumice is similar to the liquid foam produced during the opening of a bottle of pressurized soda. The gases can remain entrapped or can escape and leave behind foam that solidifies within a few seconds, locking in gas bubbles. We call these bubbly, light-colored rocks pumice. Scoria rock is 4 bubbly, though usually darker and heavier than pumice. Tephra with no Bubbles—(Lithic Tephra) Some tephra contains few or no bubbles, either because it originated in gas-poor magma, or because the gases already escaped. Other bubble-poor tephra, called lithic tephra, consists of rock from the vent walls that was blasted into small pieces by eruptive forces. Volcanic Glass Some viscous lavas do not allow growth of minerals, and instead form glass. Obsidian is one example of volcanic glass. Mineral-Rich Tephra Magma that cools slowly underground (days to centuries) can grow large minerals that give pumice and scoria a speckled appearance. Bread-Crust Bombs Fragments cool faster on the outside and more slowly inside. When the interior vesicles expand, the surface cracks. The result is a rock with a crusty surface like baked bread. Tephra with a Streamlined Appearance such as Spindle Bombs Molten lava is twisted and smoothed as it falls through the air to the volcano slopes below. Tephra Popcorn-continued . Tephra as a Hazard 2 Tephra can be a hazard, a nuisance, or a harmless substance, depending on its size and distribution. While large blocks of tephra can crush structures, it usually falls back to the ground within 1.2 kilometers (2 miles) of the crater where human populations are generally sparse. Volcanic ash is fine-grained and its movement is influenced by wind direction and speed. Volcanic ash can disrupt daily life for people hundreds of miles from a volcano for long periods of time. Envision a cloud of fine particles that covers the sky over a town and deposits a layer of dust everywhere. Fine particles of volcanic ash can be easily breathed into lungs and cause respiratory problems for people and animals, in addition to irritating eyes and skin. The ash itself is not toxic, but high amounts of fluorine and chlorine on ash surfaces from a few volcanoes in the world have caused livestock deaths and contaminated human water supplies. Volcanic ashfall 5 can strip leaves from crops and trees and disrupt pollination of flowers. Volcanic ash can severely impact transportation systems. Ash reduces driver visibility. It can disrupt vehicle operation and impede traffic flow. Volcanic ash clouds can pose a serious hazard to aviation. Engines of jet aircraft have failed after flying through clouds of ash. Roads, highways, and airport runways can be treacherous or impassable because ash is slippery. Wind and vehicle movement often resuspends ash for months after an eruption. Billowing ash can reduce driver and pilot visibility to near zero. Ash can collapse building roofs when they are burdened by 10 centimeters (approximately 4 inches) or more of wet ash. When people use high volumes of water, they can dramatically reduce the community’s water supply. Volcanic ash clogs drains; it damages sewer systems, which can require expensive repair. Use Internet Resources as a guide to current information about how to plan and respond before, during, and after an ashfall. Use of the term "Mass and Weight on Earth” Students often have difficulty understanding the difference between mass and weight because in everyday use, people use weight as a synonym for mass. You might want to remind students that we define mass as the amount of matter in an object. The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity upon that object, and is calculated as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, w = mg. The difference between mass and weight would become more apparent if students spent time on multiple planets where gravitation attractions are different. This activity uses “mass.” For younger students, teachers can substitute “weight on earth” for “mass” if it helps students conduct the activity with greater understanding. Optionally, conduct the Soda Bottle Volcano activity in Chapter 1 prior to this activity. Tephra Popcorn-continued . Procedure What to do Before Class Begins: Comparing Tephra to Popcorn ◆ A few days before conducting this activity, ask students to bring in hot air poppers from home or arrange to use local stove facilities where kernels can be popped in an ungreased pot. ◆ Assemble graphics “Soda Bottle Volcano,” “Types of Tephra” and “Images of Popcorn—Up Close.” ◆ If using real samples, assemble one each of fireplace ash, volcanic ash, and small stones for each group. ◆ If using real samples, set up the microscope and (or) hand lens for students. 6 Comparing Tephra to Popcorn For this activity you and (or) the students will pop popcorn kernels in an air popper or in an ungreased pot on the stove.