I 7-18 IDAHO BUREAU OF LANDMANAGEMENT October 1997 I LandSnail Sunrey of theLower I SahnonRiver Drainage, Idaho I - by Terrence].Fresl andEd1card]. Jobmmes I 'I I I I I I I I I I C I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8 a l I I l tLJD'.o:';d- li2 l ,1c 3i 'ilJd ,L".fP- I 1 /c, °i!-18 I LAND SNAIL SURVEY OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER I· DRAINAGE, IDAHO I I Terrence J. Frest Edward J. Johannes I· I I I I I I I I Deixis Consultants 2517 NE 65th Street I Seattle, WA 98115-7125 I revised September 15, 1995 I I ·I I I The universe is a more amazing puzzle than ever, as you glance along this bewildering series of animated forms---the hazy butterflies, the carved shells, the birds, beasts, fishes, insects, snakes, and the ·I upheaving principle of life everywhere incipient, in the very rock aping organized fonns. Not a form so grotesque, so savage, nor so beautiful but is an expression of some property inherent in man the observer---an occult relation between the very scorpions and man. I feel the centipede in me---cayman, carp, eagle, and fox. I am moved by strange sympathies; I say continually "I will be a naturalist.� I -- Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1833 I This wide ranging and plastic genus [Oreohefix] ....shows two centers of speciation. The most dramatic I one is in the Salmon River Valley between Riggins and White Bird. Ten taxa of specific and subspecific rank are known from this restricted area, while the next greatest center, the entire northern part of Utah, has eleven races of five species distributed over a much wider area. This section of the Salmon River Valley is one of the best collected areas for land snails in western North America ....... .This aggregation of taxa presents perhaps the most striking assemblage of monogeneric land snail local diversity in North •1 America. -- Alan Solem, 1974 I I I I I I I I I I I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS I I INTRODUCTION---------------------·················--------------·-1 ,, SCOPE AND METHODS -----------------·------·····2 PREVIOUS WORK ----------------------·----5 BACKGROUND----------------------- I THE LOWER SALMON RIVER AREA --··-··········---------·····-·--·····6 I GEOLOGIC HISTORY---··········-···--·················----------·--7 I BIOGEOGRAPHY------ 10 BACKGROUND ·------·--------------------------11 I LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL BIOGEOGRAPHY ·-··················13 LAND SNAIL OCCURRENCE AND ECOLOGY···········--·······----····-······--------------17 I OCCURRENCE--- --------------------18 ECOLOGY------------------------22 I MOLLUSKS AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS·--···-···-·······-··-···············-··--··------29 I SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN-----------------30 CURRENT AND PROPOSED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -------··33 I BACKGROUND 33 OVERVIEW 37 I SPECIFIC PRACTICES---------------------44 SPECIES DISCUSSION:,----------·----------50 INTRODUCTION -----------------------0,Q I FORMAT-------------------------5 SENSITIVE SPECIES ---------------------5,6 Allogona (Allogona) lombardiiSmlth, 1943 -------------·56 I Allogona (Allogona) ptychophora solida Vanatta, 1924 58 Cryptomastix(Bupiogona) populi(Vanatta, 1924) 9 Cryptomastix(Cryptomastlx) harfordiana (Binney, 1878)---------6 I Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani clappi (Hemphill, 1897) --------6 ' Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani lati/abris {Pilsbry, 1940) -------<; I I TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) I SENSITIVE SPECIES (CONT.) ,, Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix)n. sp. 3 ----------------6, Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix)n. sp. 5 -----------------6, Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix)n. sp. 6 ---------------6 I Discus marmorensis Baker, 1932-----------------68 Hemphillia came/us Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1897-------------70 0garidiscus subrupico/a (Dall, 1877) --------------­71 ,1 Oreohelix hammeri Fairbanks, 1984---------------72 0reohe/ix haydeni hesperia Pilsbry, 1939---------------73 0reohslix haydeni perplexa Pilsbry, 1939---------------74 I 0reohelix idahoensls ldahoensis (Newcomb, 1866) ---------­75 Oreohelix intersum (Hemphill, 1890)---------------77 0reohe/ixn. sp. a--------------------­78 ­ I Oreohelixn. sp. 12 -------------------- 79 Oreohe/Jxn. sp. 13 --------------------­80 Oreohelixn. sp. 14---------------------81 I 0reohelixn. sp.15---------------------82 Oreohelixn. sp. 19---------------------83 0reohe/ixn. sp. 20---------------------84 0reohelixn. sp. 21 --------------------­86 I Oreohelixn. sp. 22 --------------------­87 Oreohelixn. sp. 23----------- ----------88 0reohe/ixn. sp. 24---------------------89 I 0reohe/ixn. sp. 25 ----------- ----------91 Oreohe/ixn. sp. 29 --------------------­92 Oreohellxn. sp. 32---------------------93 I Oreohellx strigosa goniogyra Pilsbry, 1934 --------------94 Oreohe/lxstrigosa n. subsp. 1 ------------------9 Oreohelix vortex Berry, 1932 ----------------­97 I Oreohelix wa/toni Solem, 1975 -----------------98 Pristlloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense(Pilsbry, 1902)------------9, WATCH LIST-----------------------101 ,I Oreohe/ix jugalis (Hemphill, 1890) --------------­101 Polygyre/Ja polygyrel/a (Bland & Cooper, 1861) ----------­102 Radiodiscus (Radodiscus) abietum Baker, 1930 ----------­104 I Zaco/eus idahoensis Pilsbry, 1903 ----------- ----105 NONSENSITIVE SPECIES------------------­106 Allogona(A/Jogona) ptychophora ptychophora (Brown, 1870) ------­107 I Anguispira kochi occidentalis (Von Martens, 1882) ---------­107 Cochlicopa lubrica (MUiier, 1TT4) ---------------­107 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mu/Jani mu//ani(Bland & Cooper, 1861----­108 I Cryptomastix{Cryptomastix) mu/Jani olneyae (Pilsbry,1891}--- ----­108 Discus whitneyi(Newcomb, 1864) --------------­109 Euconulus futvus alaskensis Pilsbry,1906- -----------­109 Hawaiia minuscu/a (Binney, 1840) --- -----------­109 I Helicodiscus salmoneus Binney, 1886 --------------110 I iv I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) I NONSENSITIVE SPECIES (CONT.) Microphysu/aingersolli ingersol/i(Bland, 1874) -----------110 Planogyra c/appi{Pilsbry, 1898) 111 I Punctum (Toltecia) pusi/lum{Lowe, 1831) 111 Pupil/a hebes (Ancey, 1881) 111 Va/Ionia cyclophorel/a(Sterkl, 1892) 112 I Vertigo concinnula Cockerell, 1 897 112 Vitrina a/askana Dall, 1905 112 Zonitoides (Zonitoides) arboreus(Say, 1816) 113 I SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN STATUS 113 Catinel/aavara{Say, 1824) 113 Cryptomastix{Cryptomastix) mu/lani hemphilli{Binney, 1886) 114 Derocerassp. 114 I Succinea stretchiana Bland, 186 115 I FRESHWATER TAXA ----------------------·------------------------------------------------------115 FRESHWATER SNAILS--------------------115 Fisherola nuttal/i(Haldeman, 1843) ---------------115 I F/uminicola tuscus{Haldeman, 1841) 117 Pristinicola hemphilli (Pilsbry,1907) 119 Stagnicola (Hinkleyia) montanensls(Baker, 1913) 120 I Stagnico/a (Stagnicola) idahoensis (Henderson, 1931) 121 I Va/vatan. sp. 1 122 FRESHWATER BIVALVES 123 I Anodonta ca/itorniensis Lea, 185 123 Gonidea angulata(Lea, 1838) 125 I Margaritiferafa/cata(Gould, 1850) 126 ACKNOWLEOGEMENTS----------------------------------------------------------------------------128 f REFERENCES-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------129 I GLOSSARY----------------------------------------·------------------------------------141 I I I I I I TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGES 1. MOLLUSKS OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY T1·2 2. STATUS OF LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY LAND MOLLUSKS T3-4 ' 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS T5•58 I 4. SPECIES SITE LISTS T59-61 5. SITE OWNERSHIP T62 'I FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE MAP OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY F2 :1 2. LOWER SALMON RIVER OREOHELIXTYPELOCALITIES F4 3. OTHER LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL TYPE LOCALITIES F6 I 4. RANGES OF ENDEMIC OREOHELIXSPECIES FB 5. RANGES OF ENDEMIC POLYGYRID SPECIES F10 I 6. LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL BIOGEOGRAPHY F12 I 7. SPECIES/SITE RANKINGS F14 8. LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL SITE DIVERSITY F16 I 9. NUMBER OF SENSITIVE AND CANDIDATE LOWER SALMON RIVER F18 LAND SNAIL SPECIES I 10. STATUS OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS F20 11. MOISTURE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND F22 SNAILS I 12. ALTITUDE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND F24 SNAILS ,, 13. COVER PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND F26 SNAILS I I vi I I I I I APPENDICES I APPENDIX TITLE PAGES I A. SITE DESCRIPTIONS A1-35 B. SITE MAPS 81-39 I C. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS C1·62 I I 'I I I •I I I I, I I I vii I I I I I I I I I I I •I I I I I I I I 7 I I,:I LAND SNAIL SURVEY OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER • DRAINAGE, IDAHO I INTRODUCTION I'I The land snail fauna of the Lower Salmon River area has been famous among mollusk specialists (malacologists) since the 1860s. While land snails, wtth at least 30,000 species world I wide (Solem, 1974), are relatively widespread, diversity here is exceptional, and a wide variety of forms are present. To date, at least 60 species have been reported (Table 1), more than half of the I total for the entire state of Idaho. This number is quite remarkable for a North American state; and made even more so because of the prevalent habitat. High land snail diversity is generally associated with tropical islands and equatorial climes; a1 the very least, moist forested areas I generally have much higher species diversity than semiarid areas such as western Idaho. In assessing the importanceof the Lawer Salman River terrestrial malacofauna, we can do no better than ta quote one at the preeminent land snail specialists of the century, the late G. Alan Salem in ' Salem & Clarke, 1974): "This wide ranging and plastic genus [Oreohefix] .... shows two centers of speciation. The most dramatic one is in the Salmon River Valley between Riggins and White Bird. ,, Ten taxa of specific and subspecific rank are