ghs15-1_cv_ghs15-1_cv 8/7/2019 2:35 PM Page 2 COLOR IS FOR APPROXIMATION ONLY – DO NOT USE FOR COLOR APPROVAL JOURNAL OF HATE STUDIES JOURNAL OF HATE J OURNAL OF H ATE S TUDIES Volume 15, No. 1 15, No. Volume 1 - 278 Pages 2019 Gonzaga University I NSTITUTE FOR H ATE S TUDIES E NGAGING WITH C OMMUNITIES FOR J USTICE Gonzaga Institute for Hate Studies | Spokane, WA 99258-0043 | 509.313.3665 www.gonzaga.edu/hatestudies Volume 15 2019 Number 1 Journal of Hate Studies Gonzaga University Institute for Hate Studies Copyright © 2019 By Gonzaga University Institute for Hate Studies The Journal of Hate Studies is published by the Gonzaga University Institute for Hate Studies. The purpose of the Journal is to promote the sharing of interdisciplinary ideas and research relating to the study of what hate is, where it comes from, and how to combat it. The Institute for Hate Studies operates under the auspices of Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington. The views expressed in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Institute for Hate Studies, Gonzaga University, the institutions with which the authors are affiliated, or the editors. The Journal welcomes unsolicited manuscripts (including essays and shorter pieces) and suggestions for improving the Journal. Manuscripts and other communications should be sent to Director, Gonzaga University Institute for Hate Studies, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA USA 992580099. For more information about the Gonzaga University Institute for Hate Studies and the Journal of Hate Studies, please visit www.gonzaga.edu/ hatestudies. Journal of Hate Studies, Volume 15 Gonzaga University Institute for Hate Studies DIRECTOR Kristine F. Hoover, Ed.D., Associate Professor Leadership Studies, Gonzaga University DIRECTOR’S ADVISORY BOARD Chair Adriane Leithauser, Lecturer Business Ethics, Gonzaga University Melissa A. Click, Ph.D., Assistant Professor Communication Studies, Gonzaga University Kem Gambrell, Ph.D., Associate Professor Leadership Studies, Gonzaga University Jim Mohr, Ph.D., Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs Washington State University Spokane Campus Charles Pepiton, M.F.A., Associate Professor Theatre & Dance, Gonzaga University Pavel Shlossberg, Ph.D., Associate Professor Communication & Leadership Studies, Gonzaga University Ken Stern, J.D., Director Bard Center for the Study of Hate, Bard College Larry Weiser, J.D., Professor Emeritus Law, Gonzaga University Jerri Shepard, Ed.D., Associate Professor Education, Gonzaga University JOURNAL OF HATE STUDIES EDITORIAL BOARD CHAIR KEM GAMBRELL, PH.D. MANAGING EDITORS: LAZARINA TOPUZOVA, PH.D., ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP, ROBERT MORRIS UNIVERSITY KEM GAMBRELL, PH.D., ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND CHAIR, DOCTORAL PROGRAM IN LEADERSHIP STUDIES, GONZAGA UNIVERSITY Lazarina Topuzova, Ph.D., Associate Professor Organizational Leadership, Robert Morris University Pavel Shlossberg, Ph.D., Associate Professor Communication and Leadership Studies, Gonzaga University Lisa Silvestri, Ph.D., Associate Professor Communication Studies, Gonzaga University INSTITUTE FOR HATE STUDIES COUNCIL OF EXPERTS CHAIR JIM MOHR, PH.D. Joan Braune, Ph.D, Lecturer Philosophy, Gonzaga University George Critchlow, Professor Emeritus Law, Gonzaga University Raymond Reyes, Ph.D., Associate Vice Provost, Gonzaga University With support from Gonzaga University, Provost and Senior Vice President Deena Gonz´alez, Ph.D. and Associate Provost Ron Large, Ph.D. and Associate Provost Raymond Reyes, Ph.D. JOURNAL OF HATE STUDIES Volume 15 2018-19 Number 1 “ENGAGING WITH COMMUNITIES FOR JUSTICE” TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Introductory Notes on Engaging with Communities for Justice ...........................Kem Gambrell 1 and Lazarina Topuzova Chapter One Void and Idol: A Critical Theory Analysis of the Neo-fascist “Alt Right” ....................... Joan Braune 11 Chapter Two LGBT Hate Crime: Promoting a Queer Agenda for Hate Crime Scholarship ........................ James Pickles 39 Chapter Three The Pink Triangle as an Interruptive Symbol ......Marnie Rorholm 63 and Kem Gambrell Chapter Four Hate, Conflict, and Public Space: Stand Your Ground Laws and Potential Immunity for Hate Crimes .................... Jennifer N. Grimes 83 Chapter Five Ministering to Other People’s Fears: Effects of Anti-Muslim Hostility on American Muslim Participation in Public Life ................................... Caleb Elfenbein 105 Chapter Six “So Much for Darwin”—An Analysis of Stormfront Discussions on Race ...................Dianne Dentice 133 Chapter Seven The Perpetuation of Online Hate: A Criminological Analysis of Factors Associated with Participating in an Online Attack .............................. James Hawdon, 157 Matthew Costello, Rebecca Barrett-Fox and Colin Bernatzky Chapter Eight Learning the Language of Justice Through Play ............................Carolyn M. Cunningham 183 and Heather M. Crandall Chapter Nine Flashpoint: The Church and Law Enforcement in Poor Black and White Communities......................Rev. Samuel K. Atchison 203 Chapter Ten Curbing Hatred—The Ethnic Diehards’ Agitations and 2015 Presidential Election Campaign in Nigeria .....Abigail Odozi Ogwezzy-Ndisika, 233 Babatunde Adeshina Faustino and Kelechi Okechukwu Amakoh Chapter Eleven Engaging with the Media in a Pre and Post Brexit World: Racism, Xenophobia and Regulation: A United Kingdom Perspective ..................... Kim McGuire 255 Author Information .............................................. 275 Introductory Notes on Engaging with Communities for Justice Kem Gambrell Gonzaga University Lazarina Topuzova Robert Morris University Since the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, the rise in hate around the country has increased dramatically. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), in the days immediately following the election of President Trump, a wave of hate crimes and lesser hate incidents swept the country- 1,094 bias incidents in the first 34 days (Potok, 2017). More than a third of these incidents directly referenced Trump, his “Make America Great Again” slogan, or his infamous misogynistic, racist, xenophobic or other demeaning remarks. New and energetic hate and white supremacy groups have appeared that are almost entirely focused on Trump and seemingly live off his elec- tion and continued defamatory rhetoric. Some of these more recent groups have included: Identity Evropa, (newly re-branded as the American Identity Movement (AIM) whose membership includes Washington’s own James Allsup); The Right Stuff, an alt-right group based in New York; and Van- guard American, a group that has grown out of the previous existence of American Vanguard, following a split between its members (Hatewatch, 2017). In addition to the rise in hate groups, the use of social media for recruitment and publication of white supremacy dogma has also been uti- lized. For instance, The Daily Stormer, the website whose chief came up with the term “Our Glorious Leader” for Trump, expanded into real-world activism by starting 31 “clubs” (Potoc, 2017). According to the SPLC in July 2017, The Daily Stormer became the most visited hate site on the Internet, surpassing longtime hate leader Stormfront (Hankes, 2017). Other forms of social media have also sky-rocketed in use, perhaps directly related to Trump’s habit of exploiting Twitter for his own agenda. Koerner (2019) reaffirms this with her article in response to President Trump’s July 14, 2019 tweet, “Trump’s Racism Hit a New Level as He Told Four Congresswomen to ‘Go Back’ to Their ‘Broken’ Countries.” Even though three of the four congress women were born in the U.S., and all four are American citizens, Trump’s rhetoric continues to create division and hostility around the nation. As an example of the confrontation, Speaker Nancy Pelosi responded, “When @realDonaldTrump tells four 1 2 JOURNAL OF HATE STUDIES Vol. 15:1 American Congresswomen to go back to their countries, he reaffirms his plan to ‘Make America Great Again’ has always been about making America white again” while a Trump supporter wrote, “I LOVE how Trump can trigger all the liberals with one tweet and send Democrats into a tizzy, while he gets important things done behind their backs. Trump is BRILLIANT” (Koerner, 2019, para. 21-22). While the numbers of hate groups operating in the country remained at near-historic highs, the election of Donald Trump, and related develop- ments in Europe and elsewhere around the globe, represent the culmination of a series of long-developing trends. As the world has become more inter- connected, the increasingly globalized economy, global warming, and resource challenges have fomented massive migrant flows and severe shocks to the industrial sectors of most developed countries. These chal- lenges are becoming more and more complicated as resource scarcity and perception of otherness, and as a result hatred, intensify. In the past few years, not only has the SPLC been intensively monitor- ing hate groups across the U.S., but it has also been scrutinizing the Internet and the increasingly important role it plays in recruitment and dissemina- tion of propaganda for hate groups (Potok, 2000). As Potok (2000) reflects, “We have seen how this technology has been adopted wholesale by such groups, and the remarkable and unprecedented access this has afforded these groups to teenagers and other potential recruits, both in the United States and in Europe” (para. 4). Although American extremists previously experimented with crude computer