Toxin Reviews ISSN: 1556-9543 (Print) 1556-9551 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/itxr20 Toxic metals in agricultural soils near the industrial areas of Bangladesh: ecological and human health risk assessment Tapos Kormoker, Ram Proshad, Saiful Islam, Saad Ahmed, Krishno Chandra, Minhaz Uddin & Mahfuzur Rahman To cite this article: Tapos Kormoker, Ram Proshad, Saiful Islam, Saad Ahmed, Krishno Chandra, Minhaz Uddin & Mahfuzur Rahman (2019): Toxic metals in agricultural soils near the industrial areas of Bangladesh: ecological and human health risk assessment, Toxin Reviews, DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1650777 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2019.1650777 Published online: 07 Aug 2019. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=itxr20 TOXIN REVIEWS https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2019.1650777 RESEARCH ARTICLE Toxic metals in agricultural soils near the industrial areas of Bangladesh: ecological and human health risk assessment Tapos Kormokera, Ram Proshadb,c , Saiful Islamc,d,e, Saad Ahmedc, Krishno Chandraf, Minhaz Udding and Mahfuzur Rahmanh aDepartment of Emergency Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Bangladesh; bInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China; cDepartment of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Bangladesh; dDepartment of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; eGraduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan; fFaculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh; gDepartment of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; hFaculty of Agriculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Bangladesh ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY This study was conducted to assess the potential ecological and human health risk of toxic met- Received 16 June 2019 als in agricultural soils near the industrial areas of Bangladesh. In this study, six toxic metals Revised 27 July 2019 (chromium, nickel, copper, arsenic, cadmium, and lead) were assessed in 58 soil samples of five Accepted 28 July 2019 different sampling sites around the industrial areas of Jhenaidah and Kushtia districts in KEYWORDS Bangladesh. Toxic metals were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Agricultural soils; toxic Potential ecological and human health risk were assessed through enrichment factor (EF), con- i metals; PCA; ecological risk; tamination factor (Cf ), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), toxic unit analysis, health risk; Bangladesh chronic daily intake through exposure pathway, hazard quotient, and hazard index. The mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb were found to be 5.78, 21.0, 31.8, 8.05, 1.20, and 19.2 mg/kg, respectively. Metals concentrations were found below the recommended value set by Dutch standard, Canadian guidelines, and Australian guidelines except Cd. Principal compo- nent analysis indicates that most of the metals in agricultural soils are coming from industrial i sector. The mean values of EF, Igeo, Cf , PLI, and toxic units were found safe level for all metals except Cd. In the view of potential ecological risk (PER), soils from all sampling sites indicated moderate to very high PER. Total target hazard quotients for all the studied metals in total sam- pling sites were <1 and cancer risk values were <10À6 indicating low noncarcinogenic and can- cer risk for adult and children. Introduction due to various toxic metals from rapid industrialization Soil is a vital element for human life to survive the and development and it has become more severe for planet which is assumed as prime receiver of persist- developing countries like Bangladesh due to its indis- ent pollutants such as toxic metals (Karim et al. 2014, criminate growing industries without any proper plan- Islam et al. 2015a, Proshad et al. 2018a). Soil contamin- ning (Sun et al. 2010, Chen et al. 2010, Shi et al. 2011, ation by toxic metals is a substantial environmental Ahmed et al. 2015). Heavy metals may originate in problem worldwide (Alloway 1995, due to their wide soils around the industrial areas from numerous sour- sources, toxicity, and nonbiodegradable nature (Yuan ces but industrial activities such as generation of et al. 2011, Zhao et al. 2014, Islam et al. 2015b, power, manufacturing, burning of fossil fuel, and dis- Bhuyan et al. 2017, Islam et al. 2018). According to the posal of waste are the most important contributors of US Environment Protection Agency (EPA), toxic metals soil pollution (Karim et al. 2014, Rodrıguez Martın such as chromium, nickel, copper, arsenic, cadmium, et al. 2014, Islam et al. 2016). Almost all industrial units and lead have been considered as the most toxic met- are discharging their untreated wastes in the surface als in the environment (Lei et al. 2010, Proshad et al. drains and spread over agricultural fields. Toxic ele- 2017). In recent decades, contamination of soils occurs ments toxicity changes agricultural soil bionetworks CONTACT Ram Proshad [email protected] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, 8602, Bangladesh ß 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group 2 T. KORMOKER ET AL. that have a significant negative consequence on the and industrial regions of the world as well as productivity of land (Khan et al. 2010, Yuan Bangladesh (Luo et al. 2007,Manet al. 2010, Islam et al. 2014). et al. 2016, Proshad et al. 2017, but there is very lim- The contaminations of soil quality by toxic metals ited research has been conducted so far on toxic have exerted long-term ecological and health risks. metals in soils and its adverse effects on the environ- Agricultural crops which are being cultivated in the ment as well as human health, especially the indus- contaminated agricultural soils may cause serious car- trial areas of Jhenaidah and Kushtia districts. cinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks to the human Therefore, the purposes of this study were (1) to body (Man et al. 2010, Proshad et al. 2018b). In the determine the physiochemical properties and concen- industrial areas, toxic metals polluted soil can pose trations of toxic metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb) in significant human health risks due to soil ingestion, agricultural soils; (2) to identify the potential sources inhalation, and dermal contact (Siciliano et al. 2009, of toxic metals in agricultural soils; and (3) to assess Luo et al. 2011,Liet al. 2011). Toxic metals can be the potential ecological and health risk of very harmful to the human body even in low concen- toxic metals. trations as there is no effective excretion mechanism (Ghosh et al. 2012). The common public (especially children and adult citizens) are most vulnerable to the Materials and methods toxic metals from soil (Luo et al. 2012). Therefore, exposure to toxic metal pollutants is of utmost con- Study area and sampling cern for children in their primary developmental years The soil samples were collected from industrial ł and also for the adult (Lee et al. 2013, Rachwa et al. areas of Jhenaidah and Kushtia districts, Bangladesh 2017). Various indexes have been widely used to (Figure 1). Jhenaidah and Kushtia districts are two determine environmental risks of toxic elements in industrial growing sites of Bangladesh. There are sev- soils such as contamination factor (CF), enrichment eral types of industrial units including tobacco indus- factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I ) (Rashed geo tries, garments, tannery industries, packaging industry, 2010, Liu et al. 2014). The contamination factor, EF, dyeing, brick kiln, metal workshops, battery manufac- and geoaccumulation index of individual toxic metal turing industries, textile industries, pesticide, and fertil- in soil are calculated using its total content and soil izer industries, different food processing industries, quality guideline value (Zhang et al. 2013). For deter- and other industrial areas produce huge volumes of mination of multiple risk of toxic metals in soil, pollu- effluents that contain toxic metals. The untreated tion load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk wastes and effluents from these industries are dis- index (PER) have also been developed (Huang et al. charged randomly to river and canals. Then that 2013). The PLI compares the metal concentrations wastes are mixed with soils and the soil is continu- with baseline values, which helps in assessing the ously polluted by toxic metals. Soil samples were col- enrichment of toxic metals in soil (Yang et al. 2009, – Islam et al. 2018). The chronic daily intake (CDI) esti- lected during March April, 2016. Five agricultural soil mation, target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard sampling sites (Porahati, Udoipur, Lokhikol, Dhanharia, index (HI) methods have also been developed to and Chourhas) and (58 sampling locations) were assess the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health selected near the industrial areas of Jhenaidah and risk through several exposure pathways such as inges- Kushtia districts, Bangladesh. Agricultural surface soils