Cbnrm Stocktaking in Botswana

Cbnrm Stocktaking in Botswana

CBNRM STOCKTAKING IN BOTSWANA OCTOBER 2011 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI in collaboration with World Wildlife Fund, Inc. (WWF). CBNRM STOCKTAKING IN BOTSWANA Program Title: Capitalizing Knowledge, Connecting Communities Program (CK2C) Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Office of Acquisition and Assistance Contract Number: EPP-I-00-06-00021-00/01 Contractor: DAI Date of Publication: October 2011 Author: Joseph E. Mbaiwa, PhD Collaborating Partner: COPASSA project implemented by World Wildlife Fund, Inc. (WWF); Associate Cooperative Agreement Number: EPP-A-00-00004-00; Leader with Associate Award Number:LAG-A-00-99-00048-00 The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Cover: Photo of a chalet at Santawani Lodge owned by the Sankoyo Community, Okavango Delta. CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... IX PART 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................1 1.2 APPROACH, METHODOLOGY AND STUDY LIMITATIONS ......................................................... 1 1.3 NATURE, WEALTH & POWER FRAMEWORK ........................................................................ 2 PART 2: HISTORY & CURRENT STATUS OF CBNRM ...................................................... 5 2.1 PRE-CBNRM ERA IN BOTSWANA ...................................................................................... 5 2.2 ORIGINS OF CBNRM IN BOTSWANA ................................................................................... 6 2.3 MAJOR PROGRAMMATIC MILESTONES ............................................................................... 7 2.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE CBNRM POLICY OF 2007 .................................................................. 8 2.5 NAMES OF KEY CBNRM INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMS ..................................................... 8 2.6 KEY SOURCES OF FUNDING ............................................................................................. 10 2.7APPROXIMATE LEVELS OF FUNDING ................................................................................. 10 2.8 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF THE CBNRM PROGRAM .......................................... 11 PART 3: SCALE OF CBNRM PROGRAM ......................................................................... 13 3.1 GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT OF CBNRM .................................................................................. 13 3.2 NUMBER OF HECTARES UNDER CBNRM MANAGEMENT .................................................... 13 3.3 DESCRIPTION OF TYPES OF CBNRM ACTIVITIES .............................................................. 14 3.3.1 Wildlife Resources ................................................................................................ 14 3.3.2 Veld Products ....................................................................................................... 14 3.3.3 Fisheries ............................................................................................................... 15 3.3.4 Forestry Resources .............................................................................................. 15 PART 4: IMPACTS OF CBNRM PROGRAM TO DATE ..................................................... 17 CHANGES IN RIGHTS TO BENEFIT FROM NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................... 17 4.1 WILDLIFE RESOURCES .................................................................................................... 17 4.2 VELD PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................ 17 4.3 LAND RIGHTS ................................................................................................................. 17 4.4 CHANGES TO NATURAL RESOURCE BASE STATUS & TRENDS ............................................ 18 4.4.1 CBNRM and the Conservation of Natural Resources ........................................... 18 CBNRM IN BOTSWANA i 4.4.2 Wildlife Resources ................................................................................................ 18 4.4.3 Management Oriented Monitoring System & Escort Guides ................................. 20 4.4.4 The low levels of illegal hunting ............................................................................ 21 4.5 CHANGES IN BENEFITS .................................................................................................... 22 4.5.1 Collective Income to CBOs ................................................................................... 22 4.5.2 Cash Income to Individuals................................................................................... 24 4.5.3 Game meat .......................................................................................................... 24 4.5.4 Intangible Benefits ................................................................................................ 25 4.6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES AND PROGRAMS ...................... 25 4.6.1 Poverty Alleviation and the millenium development goals (MDGs) ....................... 25 4.6.2 Employment generation and economic growth ..................................................... 25 4.6.3 Provision of Social Services ................................................................................. 27 4.6.4 Reinvestment of revenue generated from CBNRM ............................................... 30 4.6.5 Contributions to other national Needs ................................................................... 31 4.7 CHANGES IN RURAL REPRESENTATION AND GOVERNANCE ............................................... 31 4.7.1 Number of people Supported through CBNRM ..................................................... 31 4.7.2 Number of CBOs Formed/Operational .................................................................. 32 4.7.3 Gender and Equity ............................................................................................... 33 4.7.4 CBO Governing Structure ..................................................................................... 34 PART 5: ANALYSIS OF CBNRM DIFFERENCES IN BOTSWANA ................................... 37 5.1 CBNRM IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF BOTSWANA ................................................................. 37 5.2 WILDLIFE VS LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ............................................................................ 38 PART 6: ANALYSIS AND FUTURE ORIENTATION .......................................................... 41 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................... 41 6.1 OVERARCHING POLICY ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................. 41 6.2 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT WITH RESPECT TO NATURAL RESOURCES ................................. 41 6.3 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT WITH RESPECT TO ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD BENEFITS ........... 41 6.4 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT WITH RESPECT TO GOVERNANCE AND RIGHTS ........................... 42 PART 7: BEST PRACTICES .............................................................................................. 43 7.1 WITH RESPECT TO GOVERNANCE AND RIGHTS ................................................................. 43 7.2 WITH RESPECT TO NATURAL RESOURCES ....................................................................... 43 7.3 WITH RESPECT TO ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD BENEFITS ................................................ 44 PART 8: LESSONS LEARNED .......................................................................................... 45 8.1 POLICY ...........................................................................................................................45 ii CBNRM IN BOTSWANA 8.2 BENEFITS GENERATION & MANAGEMENT ......................................................................... 45 8.3 GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................................. 46 8.4 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING .................................................... 48 PART 9: SCALING UP ....................................................................................................... 49 9.1 SCOPE OF CBNRM ........................................................................................................ 49 9.2 GEOGRAPHIC AREAS TO TARGET ..................................................................................... 49 PART 10: CHALLENGES & BARRIERS OF CBNRM ........................................................ 51 10.1 CHALLENGES ............................................................................................................... 51 10.2 BARRIERS .................................................................................................................... 54 10.3 THREATS ...................................................................................................................... 54 PART 11: LINKS TO NATIONAL PRIORITIES/PROGRAMS ...........................................

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