5 of Standards Bational Bureau Reference Library, N.W. Bldg book not to taken JAN 4^ 1965 from the library. "1 N! 33 A 11101 7 A E NAT'L INST OF STANDARDS Publi- & TECH R.I.C. f Alphanumeric Characters and Other Symbols I. A Permuted Title Index and Bibliography United States Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 262-1 I op THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and maintenance of the national stand- ards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements consistent with those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials; development of methods for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such tests as may be necessary, particu- larly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment of standard practices for incorpora- tion in codes and specifications; advisory service to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; assistance to industry, business, and consumers in the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations; administration of programs in cooperation with United States business groups and standards organizations for the development of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the collection and dissemination of scientific, tech- nical, and engineering information. The scope of the Bureau's activities is suggested in the following listing of its four Institutes and their organizational units. Institute for Basic Standards. Electricity. Metrology. Heat. Radiation Physics. Mechanics. Ap- plied Mathematics. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radio Stand- ards Laboratory: Radio Standards Physics; Radio Standards Engineering.** Office of Standard Ref- erence Data. Institute for Materials Research. Analytical Chemistry. Polymers. Metallurgy. Inorganic Mate- rials. Reactor Radiations. Cryogenics.** Office of Standard Reference Materials. Central Radio Propagation Laboratory.** Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Troposphere and Space Telecommunications. Radio Systems. Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Institute for Applied Technology. Textiles and Apparel Technology Center. Building Research. Industrial Equipment. Information Technology. Performance Test Development. Instrumentation. Transport Systems. Office of Technical Services. Office of Weights and Measures. Office of Engineer- ing Standards. Office of Industrial Services. * NBS Group, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics at the University of Colorado. ** Located at Boulder, Colorado. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Luther H. Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director Legibility of Alphanumeric Characters and Other Symbols I. A Permuted Title Index and Bibliography D. Y. Cornog, F. C. Rose, and J. L. Walkowicz National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 262-1 Issued December IS, 1964 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 Price 60 cents CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 PERMUTED TITLE INDEX 5 CROSS REFERENCE: ACCESSION NUMBERS TO ENTRY IDENTIFICATION ...... 23 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 29 AUTHOR INDEX . 85 See mailing notice on the last page on this paper. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 64 — 60082 ii LEGIBILITY OF ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS AND OTHER SYMBOLS: I. A PERMUTED TITLE INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Douglas Y. Cornog F. Clayton Rose Josephine L. Walkowicz This permuted title index and bibliography to the literature on the legibility of alphanumeric characters and other symbols includes 325 references. Due to the confusion and overlap of terminology in the legibility literature, this report uses the term "legibility" to include "legibility," "readability," "perceptibility," "visibility" and any other closely related concepts. "Other symbols" include such items as the arrows and other coded symbols used to present information on radar displays. The psychological literature on perception has been included only when it was closely involved with the specific problems of alphanumeric characters and other meaningful symbols. Studies concerned with environmental variables, i.e. illumination and symbol -background contrast, and the legibility of dials and scales have received little attention. An author index is included. INTRODUCTION This report is the first of several related reports on the subject of the legibility of alphanumeric characters and other meaningful symbols. The permuted title index will serve both the present extended bibliography and the future report of selected information abstracts from the legibility literature. These reports are from the legibility project in the Research Information Center and Advisory Service on Information Processing (RICASIP). RICASIP is part of the Information Technology Division, Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and is jointly supported by NBS and the National Science Foundation. In the legibility literature, there is much confusion and overlap in the usage of the terms legibility, readability, perceptibility and visibility. For the -1- f purposes Of this rpnnr>-f- +-u j. to include these and any llty ±S co^idered general, tloseTrti^ated COncepts legibility refers - *n printed, to ;L ^ha . written or o?hlr ^cteristics of material disowJd m*anin which determine the lltU ^l symbolic the material may be aC racy with wh read or idSStifSSlfledo ^h literature on perceDtl nn ? The^ Psychological closely 1 InvolvSd SSh onl/when it was the sLTlft^ ^blem characters and other °f alPhanumeric include meaninllufs"Soi° ^ such items as the 0ther symbols" used to arrows S?5 he °°ded present information on ? ^bols concerned L^t dls¥ la s with environmental y - Studies arid va^fS? ? symbol-background contrast IS^ illumination dials and scales have ^el'lS^tffi^^ of Permuted Title Tnri^v. , , P erm^TT3T^^ In this Publication title &S ln each Se IvlantlTl^l1 t°l column of each index pSTJ^l P^t^ally down a center accomplished by T ls is shiftinf each tltll IVal ? printing line so that °n he h°rizontal an efch lLtltlL % ? opportunity to appear in the tltle has titles in the centerTnicolui are then arranged * ™- All of the so Ihf tu W° column appear in rds in th* central is affitical AnA used to keep ° exclusicn words from an , - list when they n ln the c are considlred limno^ f ^tral column interest. Non-English °P not of sub <^t for tiSes h f index purpose!, with ente^ed in English tht ortlLS ^f° appearing in the bibliography! reign lan^agt title by an^cces'si'on nSmbe? ±S ^-tified left ends of each ^^11^P the right tiUe line nc ft and arranged alphabetically S * the bibliography is must bv aiWhnl cros be utilized to associate ?hf\^? ^reference with the appropriate interest bjec elated to the ufer. when Slvfn words of relationship a ^ loca to the title can ted, its right or left S n look1 of the center column ^ W ^ to the entrv C identlfi0a tl on/ th e ir^^nXl s ago Mrs. Angela P. GUinn and Miss Cai.ni™ „ of the Information Technology ^ * bofc»> converted Divisionn Prepared the blblloKraohl? LtZ I ' and contributions are grfKV^&effi" ^ ^ -2- PERMUTED TITLE INDEX Pages 5 to 22 -3- I LEGIBILITY — PERMUTED TITLES ACC BLI 002188 TwEEN DIAL SIZE, READING DISTANCE AND READING ACCURACY THE RELATIONSHIP BE 002188 002152 THE EFFECT OF TYPE SIZE ON ACCURACY OF APPREHENSION AND SPEEO OF LOCALIZING WORDS 002152 00220* SPEED AND ACCURACY OF READING ARABIC AND ROMAN NUMERALS 002204 003447 SEARCH ON THE LIVING HUMAN EYE AND FOR A MORE ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF RESOLUTION) /FOR EXPERIMENTAL RE 003447 002610 EFFECTS OF THE RATIO OF WIDTHS OF INACTIVE TO ACTIVE ELEMENTS WITHIN A TV SCAN LINE AND THE SCAN PATTERN 002610 003336 THE VARIATION IN VISUAL ACUITY WITH FIXATION DISTANCE 003336 TO MAKE TYPE READA 0021 19 002119 BLE i A MANUAL FOR TYPOGRAPHERS, PRINTERS, AND ADVERTISERS HOW 003338 PRINCIPLES OF ADVERTISING 003338 003339 THE THEORY OF ADVERTISING 003339 003380 PSYCHOLOGY OF ADVERTISING 003380 002183 LIGHT AND COLOR IN ADVERTISING AND MERCHANDISING 002183 C02164 ADVERTISING AND SELLING, PRINCIPLES OF APPEAL AND RESPONSE 002 164 003337 ADVERTISING, ITS PRINCIPLES, PRACTICE, AND TECHNIQUE 003337 003316 RAF MAPS VISIBILITY OF AERODROME SYMBOLS OF ICAO - NEW ISSUE RAF AND MODIFIED NEW 003316 003402 LIGHTING REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON AERONAUTICAL CHART DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN FOR USE UNDER RED 003402 002575 HARDWARE AND ANALYSIS 0/ DISPLAY PROBLEMS IN AEROSPACE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS. PART I. A SURVEY OF DISPLAY 002575 00328C TEST TUBE HIGHWAY AIDS SIGN RESEARCH O032B0 003394 GRAM, MARTIN HUMAN ENGINEERING MEMORANDUM RE/ AIR FORCE FLIGHT CONTROL AND FLIGHT DISPLAY INTEGRATION PRO 003394 003397 F NUMERA/ HUMAN ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS OF AIRCRAFT COCKPIT VISUAL DISPLAYS. PART 18. SIZE AND SHAPE 0 003397 003277 COLOR, AN/ HUMAN ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF AIRCRAFT COCKPIT VISUAL DISPLAYS, THE EFFECTS OF CONTRAST, 003277 T 003333 HE LEGIBILITY OF TRANSI LLUM I NATED MARKINGS IN AIRCRAFT COCKPITS A STUDY OF 003333 0C3332 S AND MARKINGS TO BE USED ON TRANSI LLUMI NATED AIRCRAFT CONTROL PANELS. PART 1. THE EFFECTS OF STROKE WIDT 003332 003376 S AND MARKINGS TO BE USED