(ISSN 0015-4040) FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST (An International Journal/or the Americas) Volume 71, No.4 December, 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS Announcement 72nd Annual Meeting . SYMPOSIUM ON AGROACOUSTICS Preface . ii AGEE, H. R.-How Do Acoustic Inputs to the Central NertJQU8 System of the Bollworm Moth Control Its Behavior? . 393 BURK, T.-Acoustic Signals, Arms Races and the Costs ofHonest Signaling . 400 CALKINS, C. 0., AND J. C. WEBB-Tempornl and Seasonal Differences in Move­ ment ofthe Caribbean Fruit Fly Larvae in Grapefruit and the Relationship to Detection by Acoustics .. 409 FORREST, T. G.-UsingInsect Smtnds to EstimateandMonitor TheirPopulations 416 HAACK, R. A., R. W. BLANK, F. T. FINK, AND W. J. MATI'SON-Ultrasonic Acoustical Emissions from Sapwood ofEastern White Pine, Nort1urrn Red Oak, RedMaple andPaperBirch: Implicationsfor Bark- andWood-Feeding Insects , .. 427 HAGSTRUM, D. W., J. C. WEBB, AND K. W. VICK-AcmtStical Detection and Estimation ofRhyzopertha dominica Larval Populations in Stored Wheat 441 RYKER, L, C.-Acoustic Studies ofDendroctonus Bark Beetles . 447 SIVINSKI, J.-What Do Fruit Fly Songs Mean? . 462 SPANGLER, H. G.-Sound and the Moths That Infest Beehives . 467 VICK, K. W., J. e. WEBB, D. W. HAGSTRUM, B. A. WEAVER, AND e. A. LITZKOW-A Serund-Insulated Room Suitable for U8e With an AcmtStic Insect DetectionSystemandDesign Parametersfora GrainSampleHolding Container . 478 WALKER, T. J.-AcmtStic Traps for Agriculturally Important Insects . 484 WEBB, J. C., D. C. SLAUGHTER, AND C. A. LITZKOW-AC0U8tical System to Detect Larvae in Infested Commodities .. 492 STUDENT SYMPOSIUM: ALTERNATIVES TO CHEMICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS Preface . 505 ORR, D. B.-Scelionid Wasps as Biological Control Agents: A Review . 506 JOHNSON, D. W.-Euchartidae (HYme1Wptera: Chalcidoidea): Biology and Poten- tial fOr Biological Control ..................••... '" . 528 HOLCK, A. R.~urrent Status ofthe Use ofPredators, Pathogens and Parasites for the Control ofMosquitoes . 537 COOK, e. A., AND e. M. SMITH-Resistant Plants as an Alternative to Chemical Control ofInsects: Pitfalls to Prouress .. 546 SHOWLER, A. T., R. M. KNAUS, AND T. E. REAGAN-The Versatility ofRadio- tracer Methods for Studying Insect Ethology and Ecology .. 554 Continued on Back Cover Published by The Florida Entomological Society FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1987-88 President R. S. Patterson President-Elect J. E. Eger Vice-President J. F. Price Secretary J. A. Coffelt Treasurer A. C. Knapp J. L. Taylor C. O. Calkins F. Bennett Other Members of the Executive Committee .. J. E. Pella N. Hinkle M. F. Antolin J. R. McLaughlin PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Editor J. R. McLaughlin Associate Editors Arshad Ali Carl S. Barfield Ronald H. Cherry John B. Heppner Michael D. Hubbard Lance S. Osborne John Sivinski Omelio Sosa, Jr. Howard V. Weems, Jr. William W. Wirth Business Manager A. C. Knapp FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST is issued quarterly--March, June, September, and De­ cember. Subscription price to non-members is $30 per year in advance, $7.50 per copy. Membership in the Florida Entomological Society, including subscription to Florida Entomologist, is $25 per year for regular membership and $10 per year for students. Inquires regarding membership, subscriptions, and page charges should be addres­ sed to the Business Manager, P. O. Box 7326, Winter Haven, FL 33883-7326. Florida Entomologist is entered as second class- matter at the Post Office in DeLeon Springs and Winter Haven, FL. Manuscripts from all areas of the discipline of entomology are accepted for consider­ ation. At least one author must be a member of the Florida Entomological Society. Please consult "Instructions to Authors" on the inside back cover. Submit the original manuscript, original figures and tables, and 3 copies of the entire paper. Include an abstract in Spanish, if possible. Upon receipt, a manuscript is acknowledged by the Editor and assigned to an Associate Editor who sends it out for review by at least 3 knowledgeable peers. Reviewers are sought with regard only for their expertise; Soci­ ety membership plays no role in their selection. Page charges are assessed for printed articles. Manuscripts and other editorial matter should be sent to the Editor, JOHN R. McLAUGHLIN, 4628 NW 40th Street, Gainesville, FL 32606. This issue mailed December 30, 1988 THE 72nd ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY The 72nd annual meeting of the Florida Entomological Society will be held August 7-10, 1989 at the Daytona Beach Hilton, 2637 So. Atlantic Ave., Daytona Beach, FL 32018; telephone (904)-767-7350. Registration forms and information will be mailed to members and will appear in the Newsletter and the March, 1989 Florida Entomologist. Notice of Change of Deadline for Submission of Papers The deadline for submission of papers and posters for the 72nd annual meeting of the Florida Entomological Society will be May 1, 1989. The meeting format will be much the same as in the past with eight minutes allotted for presentation of oral papers (with 2 minutes for discussion) and separate sessions for members who elect to present a Project (or Poster) Exhibit. The three oral student papers and the three student Project Exhibits judged to be the best on content and delivery will be awarded monetary prizes during the meeting. Student participants in the judged sessions must be Florida Entomological Society Members and must be registered for the meeting. James R. Price, Chairman Program Committee, FES University of Florida, IFAS Gulf Coast Research & Education Center 5007 60th Street East Bradenton, FL 34203 (813)-755-1568 National Center for Physical Acoustics NATIONAL AGROACOUSTICS SYMPOSIUM PREFACE As part of its broad research effort in agroacoustics, The National Center for Phys­ ical Acoustics (NCPA) was pleased to sponsor the first National Agroacoustics Sym­ posium in Jackson, Mississippi on April 26-27, 1988. Florida Entomologist has provided a forum to the participants of that symposium by the dedication of this issue to ag­ roacoustics. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of J. C. Webb and Carrol O. Calkins with reviewing and editing the papers. Agroacoustics is a developing discipline which blends the detailed and systematic observational techniques of the biological scientist with the ever increasing technical sophistication of physical science and engineering. As this field grows, and more biolog­ ical scientists utilize acoustics instrumentation to acquire additional information about the behavior of an individual organism, an increased need will develop for specialized devices that are adapted to a specific insect or data acquisition modality. The NCPA wishes to help scientists meet their individual and group research needs. We can partici­ pate in joint research efforts, provide technical advice on available equipment and, in certain instances, develop specialized instrumentation. The recent development of the discipline of agroacoustics is evidenced by the follow­ ing milestones: The first acoustics session of the Entomological Society of America meeting was held in 1987; a National Agroacoustic Symposium was organized in 1988; this agroacoustics issue ofFlorida Entomologist in 1988 continues the exciting progress. The National Center for Physical Acoustics is pleased to see this progress and hopes that it can assist existing programs and participate in the development of additional efforts that would result in benefit to this discipline and to the country at large. It is our sincere hope that others find the meeting and its proceedings as profitable as we have. Dr. Ralph R. Goodman Dr. Robert T. Walden Laboratory Director Chairman of Symposium Oxford, Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi Agee: Symposium on Agroacoustics 393 HOW DO ACOUSTIC INPUTS TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE BOLLWORM MOTH CONTROL ITS BEHAVIOR? HERNDON R. AGEE Insect Attractants, Behavior, and Basic Biology Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida 32604. ABSTRACT The nervous system of the bollworm moth, Heliothis zea (Boddie), a noctuid moth that is a major pest of cotton, corn, and tomatoes, is served by two pairs of acoustic sense cells. The moths use the acoustic receptors to detect the ultrasonic cries of predat­ ory bats that feed on these moths. Bats use pulsed high frequency sounds to echolocate and capture moths for food. The moths have developed an avoidance behavioral reaction that protects them from predatory bat capture when they detect the echolocating cries of the bats. A pair of acoustic receptors are located in each tympanic organ located on the lateral wall of the metathorax on each side of the moth. Al receptor, the most sensitive unit, can detect 20 kilohertz freqencies at sound pressure levels of 35 dB (0 dB re 20 tJ-Pa). The A2 receptor is about 20 dB less sensitive and is also tuned to be most sensitive to 20 kHz sounds. Pulse rates of 10lsec and pulse durations of 10 msec were most effective for eliciting evasive reactions in the bollworm moth. In field and laboratory behavior tests, we have determined that the moths can detect 85 dB pulses of ultrasound (20 kHz) at a distance of 50-80 feet from the moth and after detection the moths make evasive reactions. My recent research has focused on identification of the neural circuits from the acoustic receptors to and through the central nervous system (meso- metathoracic gang­ lia and prothoracic ganglion and brain) to the motor nerves responsible for executing the evasive reactions. The structure