Delineating Dominion: Cartography and the Conception, Conquest and Control of Eastern Africa, 1844-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Robert H. Clemm Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Alan Beyerchen Ousman Kobo Copyright by Robert H Clemm 2012 Abstract This dissertation documents the ways in which cartography was used during the Scramble for Africa to conceptualize, conquer and administer newly-won European colonies. By comparing the actions of two colonial powers, Germany and Britain, this study exposes how cartography was a constant in the colonial process. Using a three-tiered model of “gazes” (Discoverer, Despot, and Developer) maps are analyzed to show both the different purposes they were used for as well as the common appropriative power of the map. In doing so this study traces how cartography facilitated the colonial process of empire building from the beginnings of exploration to the administration of the colonies of German and British East Africa. During the period of exploration maps served to make the territory of Africa, previously unknown, legible to European audiences. Under the gaze of the Despot the map was used to legitimize the conquest of territory and add a permanence to the European colonies. Lastly, maps aided the capitalist development of the colonies as they were harnessed to make the land, and people, “useful.” Of special highlight is the ways in which maps were used in a similar manner by both private and state entities, suggesting a common understanding of the power of the map. Lastly, this study exposes how the conceptual power of the map facilitated the conquest and brutality of colonial rule by adding a scientific imprimatur to European rule which justified any action in quelling dissent. ii Dedication To the Author of my own history iii Acknowledgments Reflecting on the monumental help I received in completing this work only makes me that much happier there is not an orchestra cued-up to “play me off” if I go long. While I realize it is customary to place family at the end of such acknowledgments, I feel that the love and support I received during this long, and sometimes dreary, process deserves first-billing. To my overly patient wife, Meghan Clemm, I cannot thank you enough for the love and support you have provided me as I have pursued academia as a career. From putting up with a graduate student “salary” to supporting me through a difficult job-hunt, I know that I would not be here if it wasn’t for your love. I also cannot thank my parents, David and Jean Clemm, enough as they lovingly provided a home here for my wife and I as I worked to complete this degree. Words fail me in trying to sum up how much I owe them, and so I will not go beyond saying thank you. I also wish to thank my ever-ready and helpful academic mentors. Dr. John F. Guilmartin has been a steady hand over my work and always provided the encouragement I needed to continue my work and that my work was military history. Dr. Alan Beyerchen has been instrumental in this work and my growth as a scholar. Indeed, it was at his prompting that I began to explore the role of maps in Africa. Lastly, I wish to iv thank Dr. Ousman Kobo for his willingness to put up with a student who, out of the blue, decided to pursue African history as a research topic and third field of my general exams. Despite our divergent areas of geographical study he was more than willing to oversee my general exams and this dissertation. I also wish to thank the helpful staff of The Ohio State University’s History Department. I especially wish to thank Jim Bach, Joby Abernathy, and Chris Burton for always helping me to navigate the intricacies of the graduate process. As this project has sent me all over the United States and Europe, I am indebted to the numerous organizations that have provided fiscal support without which I would not have been able to complete this project. I wish to thank in no particular order: The Bradley Foundation, The Mershon Center for International Strategic Studies; the History Department at The Ohio State University; The Office of International Affairs at The Ohio State University; The College of Humanities at The Ohio State University; and the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London. I also wish to thank the numerous librarians and archivists who assisted me across the United States and Europe for their help in accessing the numerous maps and other resources needed to complete this project. I owe a debt of gratitude to my fellow graduate students. In particular I would like to thank Jon Hendrickson and Sarah Douglas for being my ever-present friends and bar- mates nearly every Friday night of this journey. I also wish to thank every member of the Military History Readings Group for providing a friendly and challenging atmosphere in which to grow as a student and scholar. I also wish to thank the wider graduate student v community within Dulles Hall who have provided the criticism and support that has made this project infinitely better vi Vita 2001................................................................Pittsford Sutherland High School 2005................................................................B.A. History, University of Rochester 2009................................................................M.A. History, The Ohio State University 2005-2012 .....................................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: History vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv Vita .................................................................................................................................... vii List of Maps ....................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Maps and Models ............................................................................................ 37 Chapter 3: “Geography Militant”...................................................................................... 63 Chapter 4: “Germany’s India” .......................................................................................... 96 Chapter 5: Developing a Deutsch Ost-Afrika ................................................................. 173 Chapter 6: Imperial British East Africa Company .......................................................... 246 Chapter 7: The Uganda Railway ..................................................................................... 326 Chapter 8: Conclusion..................................................................................................... 429 References ....................................................................................................................... 457 viii List of Maps Map 1.1 L’Abissinie ............................................................................................................ 3 Map 1.2 Auction Plan of Trans-Nzoya .............................................................................. 4 Map 2.1 Comparison of Map Projections ........................................................................ 40 Map 2.2 The USAF view of the Cold War ....................................................................... 44 Map 2.3 A Map of African Literature ............................................................................... 60 Map 3.1 Africa .................................................................................................................. 65 Map 3.2 Africa in a Universal Atlas ................................................................................. 66 Map 3.3 Native Routes to the Masai Country and to the Victoria Nyanza ....................... 74 Map 3.4 The “Sea Ujiji” ................................................................................................... 80 Map 3.5 The Jubilee of Speke’s Discovery of Victoria Nyanza ........................................ 81 Map 3.6 The Jubilee of Speke’s Discovery of Victoria Nyanza ........................................ 82 Map 3.7 Tanga (C6) .......................................................................................................... 83 Map 3.8 Tanga (C6) .......................................................................................................... 84 Map 3.9 Tanga (C6) .......................................................................................................... 85 Map 3.10 The Jubilee of Speke’s Discovery of Victoria Nyanza ...................................... 89 Map 4.1 General Map of Eastern Equatorial Africa ...................................................... 107 Map 4.2 General Map of Eastern Equatorial Africa ...................................................... 108 Map 4.3 Originalkarte von Joachim