8/24/17 COMP 635: WIRELESS & MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS HISTORY & CONTEXT Jasleen Kaur Fall 2017 1 SOME HISTORY Light, Electromagnetic Waves, TV, WLANs, … 2 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 1 8/24/17 Using Light for Communication q Ancient Times: Ø Smoke signals (150 BC, Greece) Ø Light towers (206 BC, China) q Not-so-ancient: Ø Heliographs, semaphores, navy q 1794, Claude Chappe Ø Optical telegraph 3 Electromagnetic Waves q Discovery of electromagnetic Waves: Ø Faraday (1831): demonstrated electromagnetic induction Ø MaxWell (1860s-70s): theory of electromagnetic Waves Ø Hertz (1886): demonstrated the Wave character of electrical transmission q Marconi (1896): Ø First demonstration of Wireless telegraphy Ø Long-wave transmission, high transmission power needed (> 200 kW) q 1907: Commercial transatlantic connections Ø Huge base stations (Thirty 100m high antennas) q 1915: Wireless voice transmission (NY-SFO) Ø Still needed huge antennas, high transmission poWer 4 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 2 8/24/17 Small Antennas, Small Power q 1920: Discovery of short Waves (Marconi, again) Ø Get reflected at the ionosphere Ø Enabled sending short radio Waves around the World, bouncing at the ionosphere § Technique still used today for amateur radio q 1906: Invention of vacuum tube (DeForest, Leiben) Ø Helped reduce the size of senders and receivers Ø Still used for amplifying sender output in radio stations q 1920s: Mobile Transmitters Ø First phone in a train (Wires parallel to track as antennas) Ø 1927: First commercial car radio § 1922: 18-yr Frost (Chicago) integrated radio into a Ford 5 Rise of Broadcasting: TV & Radio q 1928: Many TV broadcast trials Ø Baird: TV transmission across Atlantic, Color TV Ø WGY (Schnectady, NY): regular TV broadcasts, TV neWs q 1932: CBS started first tele-teaching q 1933: Frequency modulation (E.H. Armstrong) Ø Much better quality than amplitude modulation Ø Both FM and AM still used for today’s radio broadcasting § FM results in better quality q 1930s: Ø Many radio stations broadcasting all over the World 6 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 3 8/24/17 Analog Mobile Phone Systems q 1960s: Bell Labs, US completed initial cellular system design q 1960s-70s: Several European mobile phone projects Ø German: A-Netz (1958), B-Netz (1972) § Carrier freq of 160 MHz, no handover § connection setup: – only from mobile station (A-Netz), fixed network too (B-Netz) § 1971: 80% coverage; 11,000 customers Ø Scandinavian countries: NMT (1979) – carrier freq 450 MHz q 1982: Start of GSM specification Ø Several incompatible analog mobile phone standards q 1983: US AMPS system started Ø Advanced Mobile Phone System – 850 MHz Ø Included handoffs q 1984: CT1 (cordless home phone standard) Ø 1987: CT2 – carrier freq 864 MHz, channel rate 32 Kbps 7 Digital Wireless Systems q 1991: DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) Ø 1880-1900 MHz; 100 – 500 m range; 120 duplex channels Ø 1.2 Mbps data transmission; encryption, authentication Ø Up to several 10000 users/km2 ; used in 110+ countries Ø Renamed: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications q 1992: Start of GSM (standardized) Ø 900 MHz, 124 duplex channels Ø Full international roaming, automatic location services, authentication, encryption, interoperation With ISDN, relatively high quality audio Ø Includes SMS, fax, data services (9.6 Kbps) Ø Offers compatibility despite provider accounting diversity § Currently 400 providers, 190 countries, 70% of World market Ø Renamed: Global System for Mobile Communication 8 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 4 8/24/17 Mobile Communication W/ Satellites q 1998: Iridium system Ø 66 satellites in loW earth orbit; uses the 1.6 GHz band Ø First small and truly portable mobile satellite phones § Including data service q 1998: UMTS (European) Ø Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Ø Combines GSM With bandWidth-efficient CDMA solutions q IMT-2000: International Mobile Telecommunications Ø ITU worldWide frameWork for future mobile communication Ø Service frameWork, netWork architecture, radio interface requirements, spectrum considerations, … Ø Includes strategies for developing countries 9 WLAN: Wireless Local Area Networks q 1996: HIPERLAN (European) Ø High-performance Radio LAN family of standards Ø Type 1 (5.2 GHz, 23.5 Mbps) – Type 4 (17 GHz, 155 Mbps) q 1997: IEEE 802.11 standard Ø Uses the License-free Industrial, Science, Medical band § 2.4 GHz and infra-red Ø Initially offering 2 Mbps q 802.11 emerged as Winner for LANs Ø Standards vs. market forces Ø In contrast to GSM vs. US technologies q 1999: more poWerful WLAN standards Ø IEEE 802.11b: 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps Ø Bluetooth: 2.4 GHz, < 1 Mbps, short-range, piconets 10 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 5 8/24/17 Third Generation (3G) q 2000: GSM higher data rates (up to 57.6 Kbps) q Late 90s: UMTS spectrum auctions Ø Hype: portraying 3G as high-performance mobile Internet § UMTS announced as capable of handling interactive video streaming for all users at 2 Mbps Ø Thus, auctions for licensing 3G spectrum started Ø More than 100 Billion pounds paid in Europe alone § Companies that had never run a netWork before paid billions § Most companies noW bankrupt q 2001: Start of 3G systems Ø FOMA (Japan), UMTS (Europe) cdma2000 (Korea) 11 2000s q Early 2000s: NeW WLAN developments Ø IEEE 802.11a: 5 GHz, up to 54 Mbps Ø IEEE 802.11g: 2.4 GHz, up to 54 Mbps Ø NeW Bluetooth applications: § Headsets, remote controls, Wireless keyboards, hot syncing q Deployment of 3G infrastructure (licensing pre-condition) q Digital terrestrial TV: high quality, mobile, small antenna q Next generation mobile and Wireless systems: Ø Likely to be Widely Internet based (IP protocols/apps) Ø Users Will have choice of many different netWorks q 2009: Netbooks, iphones, VoIPoWLAN, … q Latest: 802.11ac, 802.11ad, GigaIR, WUSB-UWB, … 12 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 6 8/24/17 CURRENT STATE OF AFFAIRS Market & Spectrum 13 Explosion of User Base 100.0 Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions 90.0 Fixed -telephone subscriptions Active Mobile-broadband subscriptions 80.0 Fixed broadband subscriptions 70.0 Internet Users 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 - 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015* ~ 7 billion current mobile phone service subscriptions è more than 96% of world population ! 14 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 7 8/24/17 Cellular Subscribers Per Region Regions Regions – September 2008- 2015 8% 19%0% 5%15% Africa 161%% Africa Americas 13% 11% Arab States Asia Pacific Asia & Pacific Europe: Eastern CIS Europe: Western 5%11% Europe Middle East The USA/Canada Americas 43% 53% www.gsmworld.com 15 Cellular Subscribers Per Technology 90 80 70 60 50 Percent 40 30 20 10 0 September 2008 www.gsmworld.com 16 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 8 8/24/17 Spectrum Allocation q Limited frequency spectrum Ø Must be shared among various applications Ø Typically government regulated q US spectrum allocation chart: http://WWW.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html q More in next lecture-set … 17 EXAMPLES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Paging, Cordless, Cellular 18 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 9 8/24/17 Some Terminology q Portable (hand-held, Walk speed) vs mobile (vehicle speed) q Base stations: mobiles communicate to fixed base stations Ø Connected to poWer source, and a backbone netWork q Classification: Ø Simplex systems: e.g., paging systems § Messages are received, but not acknoWledged. Ø Half-duplex systems: e.g., Walkie-talkies § AlloW tWo-way communication, but use same radio channel for both transmission and reception. § “push-to-talk”, “release-to-listen” Ø Full-duplex systems: e.g., US AMPS standard § AlloW simultaneous radio transmission and reception § Provide tWo separate channels (frequency division duplex), or adjacent time slot on a single channel (time division duplex) 19 Paging Systems q Service: Ø Send brief messages to a subscriber Ø Simplex, reliable communication q Architecture: Ø Transmit the page throughout the service area using base stations, Which simultaneously broadcast the page on a radio carrier Ø Reliability achieved using large transmission poWer (~kW) and loW data rates (~Kbps) 20 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 10 8/24/17 Cordless Telephony q Full duplex in-home communication system Ø Radio connects portable handset to dedicated base station, Which is connected to a dedicated phone line • nd q 2 -generation systems cover up to 100s of meters Ø But no coverage outside range 21 Cellular Systems q Provides Wireless connection to the PSTN for any user location Within the system range q Accommodate large number of users (using cells) over a large geographic area (using handoffs), Within a limited frequency spectrum q Base station Ø Several antennas Ø Full duplex Ø Connects to MSC q MSC (Mobile Switching Center): Ø Handles channel allocation in base stations Ø Involved in call initiation, termination, and handoff 22 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 11 8/24/17 ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT Layered Reference Model 23 24 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 12 8/24/17 Internet Structure q Internet is a “netWork of netWorks” Ø A packet passes through many netWorks local local ISP Tier 3 local local ISP ISP ISP ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier 1 ISP NAP Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP local Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP ISP local local local ISP ISP ISP 25 Organizing the Structure q NetWorks are diverse and complex Ø Many pieces and many designers § Hosts § Routers § Links of various media § Applications § Protocols § HardWare, softWare Use layering for accommodating diversity and managing complexity 26 © Jasleen Kaur, 2017 13 8/24/17 Why Layering? q Explicit structure alloWs identification, relationship of complex system’s pieces q Modularization eases