Blasphemy, Charlie Hebdo, and the Freedom of Belief and Expression The Paris attacks and the reactions rashad ali The horrific events in Paris, with the killing of a group of Other reactions highlight and emphasise the fact journalists, a Police officer, and members of the Jewish that Muslims are also victims of terrorism – often the community in France have shocked and horrified most main victims – a point which Charlie Hebdo made in commentators. These atrocities, which the Yemen branch an editorial of the first issue of the magazine published of the global terrorist group al-Qaeda have claimed the following the attack on its staff. Still others highlight responsibility for,1 have led to condemnations from that Jews were targeted merely because they were Jews.2 across the political spectrum and across religious divides. This was even more relevant given how a BBC journalist Some ubiquitous slogans that have arisen, whether appeared to suggest that there was a connection between Je suis Charlie, Ahmed, or Juif, have been used to show how “Jews” treated Palestinians in Israel and the killing of empathy with various victims of these horrid events. Jews in France in a kosher shop.3 These different responses illustrate some of the divides in The most notorious response arguably has not come public reaction, with solidarity shown to various camps. from Islamist circles but from the French neo-fascist For example, some have wished to show support and comedian Dieudonne for stating on his Facebook solidarity with the victims but have not wished to imply account “je me sens Charlie Coulibaly” (“I feel like Charlie or show support to Charlie Hebdo as a publication, Coulibaly”). While “Charlie” refers to Charlie Hebdo, presumably because of the offense that they have taken “Coulibaly” is the name of one of the terrorists rather to some of the cartoons or merely to take a contrary than the victims. Dieudonne was arrested afterwards, perspective to the mainstream reaction. presumably for showing support for terrorism and 1. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2015/01/al-qaeda-yemen-charlie-hebdo-paris-attacks-201511410323361511.html 2. http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/je-suis-charlie-je-suis-ahmed-je-suis-juif/ 3. http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2015/01/the-bbc-blaming-the-jews-for-attacks-on-jews/ 4. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-30850879 1 | Institute for Strategic Dialogue Image: Photo by dreamwhile, CC 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/dreamwhile/4493827337 Blasphemy, Charlie Hebdo, and the Freedom of Belief and Expression leading some quarters to question the precise nature of However, it seems that some people – at least in free speech in France.4 public discourse – have questioned why this creates Some have gone as far as to blame the magazine itself such a reaction. This has led to explanations, quoting for the violence, with one commentator stating that Prince Charles, that we have lost a sense of the sacred because Charlie Hebdo had offended Muslims through in our public life, making it difficult for people to their cartoons, by either depicting the Prophet of Islam, understand why such matters would generate such or/and blaspheming by doing so in a crude and insulting a personal feeling of revulsion or disgust. Left wing manner,5 the outcome was to be expected. author and Observer journalist Nick Cohen picked up Yet, influential members of Muslim communities this sentiment. Seeking to explain to his readers why and Muslim commentators have expressed precisely the they should be able to understand the personal reaction opposite point of view. For example, Mohammed Amin and feelings whilst not justifying in any way the attacks said “Publishers must be free to publish.”. “If you don’t like or a violent reaction (which, in his view, the Pope had a magazine like Charlie Hebdo, complain about it, boycott appeared to), he wrote: it, but that is the full extent of what you can do”.6 Most surprisingly the Pope, apparently in an attempt to explain “So let me concede acres of ground that are not worth why Muslims get offended and react, suggested that some defending. Yes, yes and obviously, there is no stupider form of violent reaction was “normal”.7 cliché than sticks and stones will break my bones but So what then is blasphemous and insulting about words will never hurt me. Most of us can remember these cartoons? Why has such an extreme perspective on words that cut deeper than wounds. The parent who says speech been used to explicitly justify murder and acts of you are a failure. The lover who admits betrayal. The terror in the minds of the perpetrators? women who laugh at you. The men who humiliate you. The employers who dismiss your dearest ambitions with a Defining and understanding blasphemy and snort. They leave scars that may never heal. the strength of reaction Likewise, religious belief can be so much a part of your identity that an assault on it is an When it comes to defining blasphemy in this context, as assault on everything that makes you who you are. we have commonly understood it, it does not appear to be If Observer readers find religious offence hard to that relevant in the general sense (i.e., profanity or irreverent understand, ask: have you ever found criticism of the left or sacrilegious speech about God or sacred things).8 In this from the right or the sight of a confident Conservative case, it is very specifically speaking about making statements leader so unbearable you were physically repelled, as I was that are deemed insulting to the Prophet of Islam in various by the sight of Margaret Thatcher? forms though technically, in Islamic terms, this applies to But understanding is not excusing in either the any prophet (i.e. Sab ul-Nabi).9 It is this specific offence that personal or the political.” 13 has led to the global Muslim protests on multiple occasions whether related to the Satanic Verses, the Danish cartoons Recent events in Nigeria14 have demonstrated that incident, or the film Innocence of Muslims.10 these feelings and reactions can often lead to extreme 5. http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b04yl86t/this-week-15012015 Comments of Nabila Ramadhani on the show ‘This Week in Politics’. 6. http://www.mohammedamin.com/Politics/Charlie-Hebdo-attack.html 7. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/19f31342-9cb6-11e4-a730-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3PChzHj00 8. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/blasphemy 9. page 100, al-Saif al-Maslul ala man sab al-rasul, published by Dar Ibn Hazm 2005 Lebanon-Beirut, al-Subki, Taqi al-Din Ali Abd al-Kafi died 756 H/1355CE - This text by the pre-modern Muslim jurist is considered among Sunni Muslims as an orthopraxic work on the subject of rulings related to someone who insults the Prophet of Islam. 10. http://www.mohammedamin.com/Community_issues/Blasphemy-should-never-be-a-crime.html 11. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/opinions/charlie-hebdo-attacks-time-for-reform-within-islam-shootings-paris 12. http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/media/speeches/speech-hrh-the-prince-of-wales-titled-sense-of-the-sacred-building-bridges-between 13. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/17/punching-pope-francis-doesnt-understand-charlie-hebdo 14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4728616.stm 2 | Institute for Strategic Dialogue Blasphemy, Charlie Hebdo, and the Freedom of Belief and Expression and violent responses, provoking almost random acts The most extreme example of this in recent times is, of of violence from sections of communities, and leading course, ISIS,18 which is arguably seeking to return to the to the horrific taking of innocent lives. Whilst it goes political realities of the 7th century, modelling itself on the without saying that the targeting of Jews and a Jewish worst examples of the Ummayad empire in its persecution kosher butcher demonstrates that this is more than of Shia, its exploitation of non-Muslims, and its imperial just a feeling of offence and much more ideologically and expansionist ambitions. This is represented by explicit motivated than merely a heightened sense of grievances, connections to the killers in Paris,19 both in the form of a the incidents in Nigeria raise questions about the nature video testimony and the presumed escape destination of of such cultures and what is it about their perception alleged co-conspirator Hayat Boumeddiene. In a similar and understanding that leads to a reaction that includes manner to the Ummayad “Jihad State,”20 ISIS wishes to the taking of innocent Christian and Jewish lives. If seek legitimacy among Islamists as the modern incarnation anything, it may not necessarily be their formal religious of a Jihad State.21 understanding as most Muslim scholars have argued that it is religiously objectionable.15 Defending the Prophet – ideological justifications and grievances Takfir and apostasy The Paris murderers explained their own justification It is also true that the notion of blasphemy applied to in clear ideological and religious terms, related directly Muslims can be considered apostasy, warranting ex- to the notion of blasphemy and insulting the Prophet communication from the religion (i.e., they should no of Islam. One of them explained his motivations to a longer be considered Muslims), which has repercussions French TV channel by saying “We are not killers. We both in countries where there are such laws and are defenders of the prophet, we don’t kill women. We punishments – including, in places, capital punishment16 kill no one. We defend the prophet. If someone offends – and also for terrorist movements. the prophet then there is no problem, we can kill him.