“The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the European Union, the United Nations, including UNDP, or their Member States.” PRO PALOP-TL EDITORIAL TEAM Ricardo Godinho Gomes: Electoral Specialist and Pro PALOP-TL Programme Manager José M. Jassi: Pro PALOP-TL National Manager Ricardo Lobo: Pro PALOP-TL Communications Expert Sérgio Fernandes: Layout, Design and Print INDEX ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCTION 17 1. PRO PALOP/ET Media Support Activity .............................................................................................. 19 2. Framing PRO PALOP/ET: EC - UNDP Electoral Assistance Partnership ............................................ 22 3. Support to PALOP and East Timor Electoral Cycles 2010 - 2012 Project ........................................... 24 1.1. Overall Objective .................................................................................................................................. 24 1.2. Specific Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 24 1.3. Project Strategy ..................................................................................................................................... 24 1.4. Stakeholders and Beneficiaries ............................................................................................................. 25 1.5. Financing ................................................................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER I: MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY 27 1. Legal Framework : International and Regional Standards .................................................................. 29 1.1. Freedom of Speech and Press .............................................................................................................. 29 2. Media and Elections ............................................................................................................................. 32 2.1. The Media’s Role .................................................................................................................................. 32 INDEX [ 5 ] 2.2. Responsibilities and Duties .................................................................................................................. 34 1.4.1. Media Rights and Duties during Elections .......................................................................................... 59 2.3. Professionalism , Independence and Impartiality ................................................................................ 35 1.5. Ethics and Deontology and the Mechanisms of Self-Regulation ....................................................... 60 2.4. Self -regulation : Developing a Code of Electoral Conduct ................................................................. 36 1.5.1. Codes of Conduct and Monitoring of Electoral Media ........................................................................ 62 2.5. Elements of an electoral code of conduct ............................................................................................ 38 1.6. Activity PRO PALOP / ET ...................................................................................................................... 63 3. Media Monitoring ................................................................................................................................. 39 3.1. The Importance of Monitoring ............................................................................................................. 39 2.. SÃO TOME AND PRINCIPE ................................................................................................................. 65 3.2. Monitoring the Election Campaign Coverage ..................................................................................... 40 2.1. Media Overview .................................................................................................................................... 65 3.3 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 41 2.2. Media in Sao Tome and Principe ....................................................................................................... 66 2.3. Analysis of the Legal Framework .......................................................................................................... 67 2.3.1. Rights and Duties of the Media during elections ................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER II: THE EMERGENCE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES 43 2.4. Access to the “New Media”: The Internet and Mobile Phone ............................................................. 71 2.5. Ethics and Deontology and the Mechanisms of Self-Regulation ........................................................ 72 1. Internet and Other Technologies: Impact on Strengthening the Right to Freedom of Expression ... 45 2.5.1 Codes of Conduct and Monitoring of Electoral Media ......................................................................... 73 1.1. The Citizen Journalist and the Blogosphere ........................................................................................ 45 2.6. PRO PALOP / ET Activity ...................................................................................................................... 74 2. The Role of “ New Media “ in Electoral Processes .............................................................................. 48 3. MOZAMBIQUE ..................................................................................................................................... 77 3.1. Media Overview .................................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER III: CASE STUDIES 51 3.2. Description of the Media in Mozambique ........................................................................................... 78 3.3. Access to the “New Media”: The Internet and Mobile Phone ............................................................ 80 1. GUINEA-BISSAU ................................................................................................................................... 53 3.4. Analysis of the Legal Framework ........................................................................................................... 81 1.1. Media Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 53 3.4.1. Law on Access to Information .............................................................................................................. 85 1.2. Media in Guinea-Bissau ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.5. Ethics and Deontology and the Mechanisms of Self-Regulation ........................................................ 86 1.3. Access to the “New Media”: The Internet and Mobile Phone ............................................................. 57 3.5.1. Codes of Conduct and Monitoring of Electoral Media ........................................................................ 87 1.4. Analysis of the Legal Framework ........................................................................................................... 57 3.6. PRO PALOP / ET activity ...................................................................................................................... 89 JOURNALISTIC ETHICS IN MEDIA COVERAGE OF ELECTORAL PROCESSES [ 6 ] ANALYSIS OF 4 AFRICAN PORTUGUESE-SPEAKING COUNTRIES (PALOP) CASE STUDIES INDEX [ 7 ] 4. CAPE VERDE ......................................................................................................................................... 91 ACRONYMS 4.1. Panorama of Social Communication ................................................................................................... 91 4.2. The Media in Cape Verde ...................................................................................................................... 92 4.3. Access to the “New Media”: Internet and Mobile Phone ................................................................... 93 4.4. Analysis of the Legal Framework .......................................................................................................... 94 4.4.1. Rights and Duties of the Media during elections ................................................................................ 97 4.5. Ethics and Deontology and the Mechanisms of Self-Regulation ....................................................... 99 4.5.1. Codes of Conduct and Monitoring of Electoral Media ...................................................................... 101 4.6. PRO PALOP / ET Activity .................................................................................................................... 103 AEC Australian Electoral Commission AFIS Automated Fingerprint Identification System ANP National Popular Assembly ANS Service Level