Contract Publication Series 06-096 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING OF GEOTECHNICAL BORINGS FOR THE PROPOSED KENNEDY BRIDGE INTERCHANGE AREA OF THE OHIO RIVER BRIDGES PROJECT IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, KENTUCKY: PHASES 1 THROUGH 5 (ITEM NO. 5-118.00) By Richard L. Herndon, RPA and Tanya Faberson, Ph.D., RPA With contributions by Brian G. DelCastello Contract Publication Series 06-096 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING OF GEOTECHNICAL BORINGS FOR THE PROPOSED KENNEDY BRIDGE INTERCHANGE AREA OF THE OHIO RIVER BRIDGES PROJECT IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, KENTUCKY: PHASES 1 THROUGH 5 (ITEM NO. 5-118.00) by Richard L. Herndon, RPA and Tanya Faberson, Ph.D., RPA With contributions byy Brian G. DelCastello Prepared for David M. Waldner, P. E., Director Division of Environmental Analysis Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Department of Highways Station W5-22-02 200 Mero Street Frankfort, Kentucky 40622 Phone: (502) 564-7250 Fax: (502) 564-5655 Prepared by Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. 151 Walton Avenue Lexington, Kentucky 40508 Phone: (859) 252-4737 Fax: (859) 254-3747 Email: [email protected] CRAI Project No.: K06K010 ________________________ Richard L. Herndon, RPA Principal Investigator April 10, 2007 Lead Agency: Federal Highway Administration Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Item Number 5-118 Statewide Contract No. M-04237412, Letter Agreement No. 36-WLR and Statewide Contract No. M-06171826, Letter Agreement 3-WLR ABSTRACT Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., personnel completed the archaeological monitoring of geotechnical borings for the Kennedy Bridge Interchange Area of the Louisville Southern Indiana Ohio River Bridges project (Item No. 5-118.00) between March 21 and July 12, 2006 in Jefferson County, Kentucky. This work was conducted at the request of the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. The monitoring was conducted prior to proposed road improvements to Interstate 64, Interstate 65, Interstate 71, and a few nearby secondary roads. Methods consisted of the monitoring of augers that were being used by engineers to collect soil data within the project footprint. Sanborn maps were also consulted to identify the location of historic deposits within the project footprint. Within the project right-of-way, which encompassed approximately 133 ha (329 acres), 57 bore holes were monitored for the presence or absence of archaeological deposits. Each of the bore holes was considered to be representative of subsurface deposits within that parcel of the right-of-way, which varied in area from about 1–15 acres. Areas of high archaeological potential were noted in 23 bore holes; 34 bore holes revealed areas of low archaeological potential, and approximately 2.1 ha (5.2 acres) of area were considered too hazardous to investigate fully. The remaining areas were not assessed during monitoring because pre-field research (previous geomorphic studies and historic maps) suggested that these areas were not as likely to contain intact archaeological deposits. More specifically, 34 of the bore holes revealed that their surrounding areas have a low potential to contain intact archaeological deposits, historic and/or prehistoric, and no further work is recommended in these areas. Eleven of the bore holes revealed areas with a high potential to contain both prehistoric and historic archaeological sites. In addition, ten of the bore holes revealed areas with a high potential to contain only intact historic deposits and two of the bore holes revealed areas with a high potential to contain just intact prehistoric deposits. Most of the historic deposits appear to relate either to the late 1800s or the early 1900s, although earlier and later materials were also recovered. Diagnostic artifacts were not recovered from the prehistoric deposits, so dates for these deposits are not available. i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................................................i LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................................................iv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING .............................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 3. CULTURAL OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................25 CHAPTER 4. METHODS AND SAMPLING...............................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 5. MATERIALS RECOVERED.................................................................................................................51 CHAPTER 6. RESULTS OF BORE HOLE MONITORING.......................................................................................79 CHAPTER 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................133 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................................................................135 APPENDIX A. HISTORIC ARTIFACT DATABASE................................................................................................. A-1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Map of Kentucky showing the location of Jefferson County. ................................................................... 1 Figure 1.2. Location of project area on topographic quadrangle................................................................................ 3 Figure 1.3. Project mapping showing locations of monitored geotechnic bore holes. .............................................. 5 Figure 2.1. Example of vegetation in project area near bore hole 3R-384, looking east. .......................................21 Figure 2.2. Example of vegetation in project area near bore hole 3B-183, looking northwest. ..............................22 Figure 2.3. Manicured landscaping in the Great Lawn area.....................................................................................22 Figure 4.1. Drill crew augering a bore hole................................................................................................................49 Figure 4.2. Example of a split spoon sample.............................................................................................................50 Figure 4.3. Example of a crew vacuuming the top 1.8 to 2.4 m (6 to 8 ft) of soil at bore hole 3B-197. .................50 Figure 5.1. Examples of historic ceramics recovered during monitoring). ............................................................56 Figure 5.2. Examples of container glass recovered during monitoring)...................................................................63 Figure 5.3. Miscellaneous artifacts recovered during monitoring.............................................................................73 Figure 6.1. Overview of area around bore hole 1W-28, looking west. .....................................................................81 Figure 6.2. The 1892 Sanborn map of Louisville showing the locations of Locality 1 bore holes. .........................81 Figure 6.3. Overview of area around bore hole 1W-74 and 1W-76..........................................................................83 Figure 6.4. The 1892 Sanborn map of Louisville showing the locations of Locality 2 bore holes. .........................84 Figure 6.5. Rock-lined cistern/privy near 1W-74 and 1W-76 in Locality 2. ..............................................................85 Figure 6.6. Overview of area around bore holes 1B-25, 1W-27, and 1W-77 in Locality 3, looking west...............87 Figure 6.7. The 1892 Sanborn map of Louisville showing the locations of Locality 3 bore holes. .........................87 Figure 6.8. Intact brick lined alley near bore hole 1W-77 in Locality 3.....................................................................88 Figure 6.9. The 1892 Sanborn map of Louisville showing the locations of bore hole 1B-34 in Locality 4.............90 Figure 6.10. Overview of area around bore hole 1B-52 in Locality 5.......................................................................91 Figure 6.11. The 1892 Sanborn map of Louisville showing the locations of bore hole 1B-52 in Locality 5...........91 Figure 6.12. Overview of Locality 6a with Interstate 64 overpass at top of the photo.............................................93 Figure 6.13. Overview of dense secondary growth in Locality 6b, looking southeast.............................................94 Figure 6.14. The 1892 Sanborn map of Louisville showing the locations of bore holes in Locality 6a..................94 iii Figure 6.15. The 1892 Sanborn map of Louisville showing the locations of bore holes in Locality 6b. .................95 Figure 6.16. Stone wall along west bank of Beargrass Creek, looking northwest...................................................97 Figure 6.17. Overview of Locality 7, looking northwest. ............................................................................................98 Figure 6.18. Overview of vegetation in Locality 8.