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Offloading tunas ISSN 1020-5489 2018 THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE MEETING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2018 CONTENTS FOREWORD vi PART 3 METHODOLOGY viii HIGHLIGHTS OF ONGOING STUDIES 130 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix Climate change impacts and responses 130 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture 138 PART 1 Realizing aquaculture’s potential 144 WORLD REVIEW 2 Overview 2 International trade, sustainable value chains and consumer protection 149 Capture fisheries production 7 Selected ocean pollution concerns 154 Aquaculture production 17 Social issues 157 Fishers and fish farmers 30 The fishing fleet 35 PART 4 OUTLOOK AND The status of fishery resources 39 EMERGING ISSUES 166 Fish utilization and processing 47 Blue growth in action 166 Fish trade and commodities 52 The emerging role of regional cooperation Fish consumption 69 for sustainable development 172 Governance and policy 75 The role of regional fishery bodies in aquaculture development 176 PART 2 FAO FISHERIES Disruptive technologies 178 AND AQUACULTURE Projections of fisheries, aquaculture and markets 182 IN ACTION 86 Fisheries and the Sustainable Development Goals: REFERENCES 194 meeting the 2030 Agenda 86 FAO’s approach to improving the quality and utility of capture fishery data 92 Combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing: global developments 98 Biodiversity, fisheries and aquaculture 102 Global inland fisheries revisited: their contribution to achievement of the SDGs 108 Fish for food security and human nutrition 113 Implementing the ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture – achievements and challenges 120 | ii | TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES TABLES 15. Reported number of motorized 4. Trends in three main categories and non-motorized vessels by LOA of fishing areas 14 1. World fisheries and aquaculture class in fishing fleets from selected 5. World aquaculture production production and utilization 4 countries and territories, 2016 38 of food fish and aquatic plants, 2. Marine capture production: 16. Top ten exporters and importers 1990–2016 17 major producer countries 9 of fish and fish products 55 6. Average annual growth rate 3. Marine capture production: 17. Share of main groups of of aquaculture production by major species and genera 10 species in world trade of fish and volume (excluding aquatic plants) 18 fish products, 2016 64 4. Capture production: FAO 7. Aquaculture contribution to total major fishing areas 13 18. Total and per capita apparent fish production (excluding 5. Inland waters capture fish consumption by region and aquatic plants) 19 economic grouping, 2015 72 production: major producer 8. Fed and non-fed food fish countries 16 19. SDG 14 indicators for which aquaculture production, 6. Aquaculture production of main FAO is custodian or contributing 2001–2016 22 agency 89 groups of food fish species by 9. Aquaculture production of major continent, 2016 20 20. Percentage of countries producing regions and major 7. Major species produced adopting EAF or similar ecosystem producers of main species in world aquaculture 23 approaches, by region 125 groups, 2001–2016 28 8. World aquaculture production 21. Examples of adaptation 10. Distribution of motorized of aquatic plants 25 options for fisheries and and non-motorized fishing vessels aquaculture 135 by region, 2016 35 9. Major farmed seaweed producers 25 22. Projected fish production, 11. Proportion of fishing vessels 2030 185 with and without engine, 10. Aquaculture food fish by region, 2016 36 production by region and selected 23. Projected fish trade, major producers 27 2030 190 12. Distribution of motorized fishing vessels by region, 2016 36 11. World employment for fishers 24. Scenarios for production, and fish farmers by region 31 trade and apparent consumption 13. Size distribution of motorized depending on implementation fishing vessels by region, 2016 37 12. Number of fishers and fish of China’s Thirteenth Five- farmers in selected countries and 14. Global trends in the state Year Plan 192 territories and worldwide 32 of the world’s marine fish stocks, 1974 –2015 40 13. Reporting of sex-disaggregated FIGURES employment (women, men and 15. Percentages of stocks fished unspecified) in fisheries and 1. World capture fisheries and at biologically sustainable and aquaculture, by region, 2016 33 aquaculture production 3 unsustainable levels by FAO statistical area, 2015 41 14. Sex-disaggregated engagement 2. World fish utilization and in the primary sector of fisheries and apparent consumption 3 16. The three temporal patterns aquaculture in selected countries 34 in fish landings, 1950–2015 42 3. Catch trends of valuable species groups 11 | iii | TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES 17. Utilization of world fisheries 32.. Keeping momentum to achieve 42.. ABALOBI – a range of production, 1962–2016 48 the 2030 Agenda 77 integrated mobile phone applications for South African 18. Utilization of world fisheries 33.. The five principles of small-scale fishers 142 production: developed versus sustainable food and agriculture – developing countries, 2016 49 FAO’s common vision across 43.. Share of consumption 19. World fisheries and aquaculture agriculture, forestry, fisheries and of total aquaculture feed by production and quantities aquaculture 87 species group, 1995–2015 146 destined for export 53 34.. Inland fish production per 44.. Example of a semantic 20. Trade flows of fish and capita of population per year, identifier (ID) and a universally fish products by continent 2015 109 unique identifier (UUID) for (share of total imports, stocks and fisheries 150 35.. Estimated increase in in value), 2016 58 greenhouse gas emissions if inland 45.. Blue Growth Framework: 21. Import and export values of fisheries were replaced by other how the three broad phases of the fish products for different regions, forms of food production 112 Blue Growth Initiative contribute to indicating net deficit or surplus 60 the three pillars of sustainable 36.. Drivers of change in Pacific development 168 22. Trade of fish and fish Island food systems 115 products 61 46.. Global distribution of 37.. Countries with high per capita Blue Growth Initiative projects 171 23.. FAO Fish Price Index 64 availability of fish from freshwater 47.. 179 24.. Shrimp prices in Japan 66 capture fisheries, highlighting Blockchain technology low-income food deficit countries 48.. World capture fisheries 25. Groundfish