1.Introduction Thisdiplomathesisdealswithinterjectionsinliterarytranslation.Itcomparestheuse ofinterjectionsinoriginalEnglishtexts,intheirtranslationandinoriginalCzechtexts.This themewaschosenbecausethoughinterjectionsarequiteimportantmeansofexpressionno attentionis paidtotheminlinguisticortranslationtheoryliterature.AndalsobecauseI was interestedinwhathappenswithinterjectionsinthe processoftranslation. Thethesisisconceivedasacorpusstudy becauseinthistype ofstudythe useofinterjections inthetextsandtranslators´attitudetotranslationinterjectionscanbemanifestedwiththegreatest clarity.Forthe purpose ofthethesisI havechosenfourEnglishtextsandtheirtranslationsfrom theKacenka corpusandfoundfouroriginalCzechtextsforcomparison.Kacenka(Korpus anglickocesky –elektronickynastroj Katedryanglistiky)isa parallelcorpusthatwascreatedat theDepartmentofEnglishandAmericanStudiesattheFaculty ofArts,MasarykUniversity,Brno (www.phil.muni.cz/angl/kacenka2/).ThiscorpuscontainsmainlyliterarytextsinEnglishand theirCzechtranslations. InthisthesisIhopetoshow differencesorcorrespondencesintheuseofinterjectionsin EnglishandCzechtexts,determinewhatthedifferenceisandwhyitisthere.Iwouldalsoliketo pointoutthedifferenceandcorrespondence betweenthetranslators´attitudetotranslationof interjectionsandtheirtranslatingstrategiesandconnectionofthesetranslatingstrategiestothe Czechuseofinterjections.Iwanttofindoutwhetherthereisanydifferenceinbothlanguagesin expressingvariousemotions byaninterjection,forexamplewhether joyisexpressedby an interjectionmoreofteninEnglishthaninCzech.Thisisexploredinthesecondpartofthestudy. Thefirst partofthestudyismoretheoretical.Inthis partthesecondaryliterature,mainly linguistic,fromwhichtheinformationoninterjectionswasderived,isintroducedandevaluated andthemethodologyofthecorpus studyisdescribedandclarified.Alsotheinformationon 1 interjectionsgainedfromthesecondaryliteratureisgivenandclassificationthatwasadopted fromthesecondaryliteratureandusedinthisthesisisintroducedandexplained. Thesecondpartofthe studyisthecorpus studyitself.TotheEnglishtextsandtheir translationsthatwerechosenfromtheKacenkacorpusCzechtextsareaddedtoformfourtriplets inwhichthe interjectionsarelookedup,classifiedandcompared.Eachtriplethasitsownchapter, wherethetableswiththeoccurrences andemotionsexpressedaregivenandanalysisofthe specificfeaturesofthat particulartext isoffered. Inthefinalsectionofthethesisthecorpus studyisreviewedfroma moregeneral pointof view.Inthis sectionItrytodeterminethedifferences betweentheuseofinterjectionsinCzech andEnglishandattempt toexplainwhythereare differences.HereIalsosummarize the translators’attitudestotranslationofinterjectionsandtheirtranslatingstrategies.Inthe concludingpartofthissectionallthefindingswill besummarizedandevaluated. 2 1.1SecondaryLiterature Secondaryliterature wasmainlyusedtogetinformationaboutinterjections,andalsotocreate alist,acorpus,ofinterjectionsthatwerelookedupinthe primaryliterature. ThemostimportantandmostcomprehensiveinformationoninterjectionintheCzechlanguage canbefoundinworksof FrantišelTrávníček.Trávníček(18881960) wasa professoratthe MasarykUniversity;hisfieldwaslinguisticsandCzechstudies.His Neslovesnévětyvčeštině,díl 1.Větyinterjekční, publishedin1930,area basisoftheotherauthors´writingoninterjectionsand totheauthorsofgrammars.Heintroducesaclassificationofinterjections,adivisiontoseveral groups;heexplainstheoriginsofthosewordsthat becameinterjections bya change(loss)of meaning.Inhis1958publication Naukaoslovní zásobě hediscussesthecommunicativevalues andmeaningofinterjectionsinthesentence. BohuslavHavránekinhis1981 Českámluvnice sumsupTrávníček´sfindings,takesthemost importantinformationabouttheinterjectionsfromhim andbrieflydefineswhatisaninterjection. MiroslavGreplandPetrKarlíkintheir Skladbaspisovnéčeštiny, publishedin1986,discussthe interjectional,vocativeandexclamatory sentencesandthesimilarities between avocativeandaninterjectionandthe process bywhichanounbecomesaninterjection. Twoparalleldiploma thesesfromtheFacultyofArts,RussianStudiesDepartment,writtenin 1987byZdeňkaUhrová - Slovesaacitoslovcevyjadřující zvuky jejichž původcem ječlověk -and DanaKamenická - Slovesaacitoslovcevyjadřující zvuky, jejichž původcem je zvíře, popř. neživotnásubstance - givesomeinformationontheinterjections,mostlyderivedfrom Trávníček´sworks,anda basiclistofinterjections producedby humansandbyanimalsor inanimatesubjects. InformationontheinterjectionsinEnglishcanbefoundinmanygrammars butthemost exhaustiveis,inmyopinion,inCurme´s AGrammarofthe EnglishLanguage. Morespecifically, 3 involume2, PartsofSpeechandAccidence, generaldefinitionofaninterjectionisgiven,andin volume3, Syntax, morespecificinformationisofferedonaninterjectionandits positioninthe sentence. Vladimir.Z.Jovanovic,aSerbianscholar,gives more preciseinformationaboutEnglish interjectionsandalsooffersanextensivelistofthem.Hediscussedthemeaning,positionand usageofinterjections.Hisarticle,“TheForm,PositionandMeaningoftheInterjectionsin English”, was publishedin2004in Linguisticsand Literature . JiříZbořil´s minorthesisfrom1998,(DepartmentofEnglishandAmericanStudies,Facultyof Arts,Brno), Translationof Interjections, isa predecessorofthisthesis;itservedasaninspiration andofferedsome methodologicalsolutions. Fromthe popularInternetencyclopaedia,Wikipedia,informationoninterjections,onthenovels andontheauthorsofthe novelswasderived.Theinformationitgivesis briefandreliable. Besidesthesetextsanumberofdictionarieswasused,apartfrom OxfordAdvancedLearner’s Dictionary and Anglickočeský,českoanglický slovník editedbySPN,Iconsultedonline dictionaries;thosewere SlovníkSeznam,whichoffersonly basictranslationsofinterjections,and OneLookDictionary whichprovidereferencetotheotheronlinedictionaries,likeCambridge Dictionary (dictionary.cambridge.com).Another onlinedictionarythat was consultedis Merriam- WebsterDictionary (www.m-w.com).Forinspirationandforinterjectionsofaveryrecentorigin (sometimesevenwiththe authorofthecoinage)IlookedintheRapDictionary (www.rapdict.org/Category:Interjections). The primaryliterature,thenovelsthatwerestudied Lucky Jim,Šťastný Jim, Muživoffsidu, TheCoolWorld, Prezydent Krokadýlů, Hovnohoří,TheConfederacyof Dunces, Spolčení hlupců, Černíbaroni,The Jungle Book, Knihy džunglí and Povídáníopejskoviakočičce -areintroduced atthe beginningofeachchapter. 4 I.2AnInterjection Interjectionliterallymeans “throwninbetween” fromLatin“inter”(between)and“iacere” (throw).Asa partofspeechit belongstotheindependentelements -words,phrasesorclauses withoutany grammatical relationtotheother parts ofthesentence(CurmeII104).Aninterjection isdefinedas “anoutcrytoexpress pain,surprise,anger,pleasureorsomeotheremotion[…] interjections belongtotheoldestformsofspeechandrepresentthemost primitivetypeof sentence”(CurmeII105).“Interjectionsaregenerallyuninflectedfunctionwordsandhave sometimes beenseenas sentence-words,sincetheycanreplaceor bereplacedbyawhole sentence(theyare holophrastic)”(Wikipedia).Linguistconsider themas phonemicclusters withoutany meaningwhichconveyvariousmessages.Thesemessagesare nolongerideasor thoughts but ratheremotions,feelings andattitudes.Becauseoftheirexpressivenessand simplicitytheymighthave beenthefirstutterancesandwordsusedbyhumans(Jovanovič 18). Theyare stilluseful becauseof “needforvariedexpression”(Curme8).Ifthey wereof nouse they wouldhave beeneliminatedfromthelanguage. The positionoftheinterjectioninthesentenceisatthe beginning,inthemiddle,or,less frequently,attheendofthesentence,alwaysseparatedby comma,formingaclauseonits own. Theinterjectionsareoftenfoundassinglesentencesendedwithanexclamationmarkorafull stop. 1.2.1English Interjection Thereare over550interjectionsinEnglish,andstillnewones appear,mainlyasa productof pop-culture -youngurban populationisthemost productiveincreatingnewinterjections“asa partoftheiruniquelinguisticidentity”(Jovanovič 20).Popmusicalsocreatesnewexpressive interjections,forexamplerapmusicisreally productiveinthisarea - booyaa , fuckadelo - both expressionsforfeelingof comfort,triumphandhappines(Rap Dictionary).Newinterjections 5 cometoexistenceeither bycreativityofthespeakeror by borrowingfromotherlanguages(the abovementionedrap,forexample,borrowsfrom patoisorSpanish). Thisleadssomelinguisttotheopinionthatany wordcanbecomeaninterjectionifexclamated, expressedwithforceandemotion,butJovanovičarguesthatawordshouldbeconsideredan interjectionifitis“inherenttolanguage,the basicornaturalexclamationsthatare produced almostinvoluntarily,withoutmakinganattemptat producingany value judgment”(Jovanovič 19). Jovanovičcreateshisowndivisionbasedontheusageandmeaningofinterjections.The basicdivisionistointerjections properwhichare “oneortwosyllablessegmentswithno particularreferentinELR(extralinguisticreality),butwithindisputable purposeinlanguage communication”(Jovanovič20).The othergroupisformedbyinterjectionswhichhavetheir originsintheother partsofspeech,predominantlyinnounsandadjectives. Thesehave morewordlikeor phrase-likeformswithidentifiablereferents outsidelanguageorfigurativemeaningandareclearly suggestiveofemotional reactionstolinguisticornonlinguisticstimuli [...]theirrepeateduseinparticular situationalcontextandwithcorrespondingprosodicfeaturesandintensity qualifiesthemforclassificationinthiswordclass (Jovanovič21). Jovanovičthengroups theinterjectionsaccordingtotheir“pragmaticvalue”.Thisdivisionis probablymoreimportant forthe purposeofthisthesis,because ofemployingpragmatic equivalenceinthetranslationofinterjections.Thetranslatoronlyhastoknow inwhatsituation that particularinterjectionisused.His mostnumerousgroupare