Note: please reinsert the USAID logo and the background FAA 118 / 119 REPORT CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES 2008 You can reformat this Children in butanding costume (front cover)— photo by Ruel Pine (ruel.pine@gmailcom), WWF/Philippines FAA 118 / 119 REPORT CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES DECEMBER 2008 This report was prepared by EcoGov and reviewed by USAID: USAID Ecogov Daniel Moore Ernesto S. Guiang Oliver Agoncillo Steve Dennison Aurelia Micko Maria Zita Butardo-Toribio Mary Joy Jochico Christy Owen Mary Melnyk Gem Castillo Hannah Fairbanks Trina Galido-Isorena Perry Aliño James L. Kho TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures...................................................................................................................iii List of Annexes .................................................................................................................iii Acronyms........................................................................................................................... v 1.0 Executive Summary.............................................................................................. 1 2.0 Introduction........................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Purpose and Methodology of the Analyses........................................................... 4 2.2 The National Context of the Analysis ................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Biophysical............................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Socioeconomic ......................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Legislative, political and institutional framework.................................. 11 3.0 Status of Biodiversity and Tropical Forestry Conservation in the Philippines ........................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Biodiversity ......................................................................................................... 17 3.1.1 Terrestrial biodiversity ........................................................................... 17 3.1.2 Marine and coastal biodiversity ............................................................. 18 3.2 Philippine Forests................................................................................................ 19 3.3 Managing Biodiversity and Tropical Forests in the Philippines ......................... 26 4.0 An Assessment of the Threats and Issues Related to Biodiversity and Tropical Forests .................................................................................................. 31 4.1 Threats to Forests and Terrestrial Resources....................................................... 32 4.2 Threats to Coastal and Marine Resources ........................................................... 35 4.3 Impacts of Threats on Species............................................................................. 37 4.4 Prioritizing Key Biodiversity Conservation Areas.............................................. 38 4.4.1 Using Key Biodiversity Areas to prioritize investment in conservation activities............................................................................ 39 4.4.2 Conservation management approaches applicable within a KBA.......... 43 4.4.3 Challenges to Adapting the KBA for Focused Investment .................... 44 5.0 Recent and Current Initiatives for Biodiversity and Tropical Forests Conservation........................................................................................................ 46 5.1 Philippine Government Initiatives....................................................................... 46 5.1.1 National-level programs......................................................................... 46 5.1.2 Local government roles.......................................................................... 47 5.2 Multi-lateral and Bi-lateral Donor Investment.................................................... 49 5.3 Trends in Donor Technical Assistance................................................................ 50 5.4 USAID Investments in Biodiversity Conservation ............................................. 51 5.5 Non-Government Organizations and Conservation Foundation Investments..... 53 2008 PHILIPPINES F118-119 REPORT i 5.5.1 NGOs...................................................................................................... 53 5.5.2 Conservation foundations....................................................................... 54 6.0 Opportunities and Recommendations .............................................................. 56 6.1 Actions Necessary to Conserve Biodiversity and Tropical Forests .................... 56 6.2 Extent to Which USAID Actions Meet Conservation Needs.............................. 60 6.3 Recommendations for Future USAID Investment .............................................. 63 Resources Consulted....................................................................................................... 68 Internet Web Sites........................................................................................................... 77 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Related health indicators of the Philippines.................................................. 9 Table 2.2 Key economic indicators of the Philippines................................................ 10 Table 2.3 Family income and expenditures................................................................. 11 Table 3.1 Terrestrial vertebrate fauna. ........................................................................ 18 Table 3.2 Regional distribution of forests by canopy density, 2005........................... 21 Table 3.3 Comparison of Forest Cover 1988 & 2004. ................................................ 24 Table 3.4 Area and extent of forest lands, by allocation............................................. 25 Table 3.5 Total number of protected areas in the Philippines by type........................ 27 Table 3.6 Administrative jurisdiction of existing initial components of NIPAS. ....... 28 Table 4.1 Direct and indirect threats to biodiversity and tropical forest conservation in the Philippines. .................................................................. 31 Table 4.2 Trends in critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable species on the Philippine Red List........................................................................... 38 Table 4.3 Average DENR budget and potential amounts that LGUs can contribute from their internal revenue allocation (IRA) per hectare of Key Biodiversity Area, by region ........................................................... 41 Table 4.4 Comparison of sites identified as priority for conservation with the present components of NIPAS .................................................................... 44 Table 5.1 Biodiversity-related targets under the 2004-2010 MTPDP......................... 47 Table 5.2 USAID-funded programs with a biodiversity component .......................... 52 Table 5.3 Investments in conservation and biodiversity of four major Philippine conservation NGOs.................................................................... 55 ii CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES 2008 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Map showing tectonic plates in the Philippines............................................ 5 Figure 2.2 General map of the Philippines. .................................................................... 7 Figure 2.3 Observed mean annual mean temperature anomalies in the Philippines, 1951-2006 (departures from the 1961-1990 normal values). .......................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3.1 Summary of General Classification of Forestlands..................................... 20 Figure 3.2 Forest Cover Change in Mindanao, 1988-2004 .......................................... 22 Figure 3.3 Forest Cover Change in the Philippines, 1988-2004................................... 23 Figure 3.4 Protected areas within the NIPAS............................................................... 29 Figure 4.1 Location of terrestrial and marine KBAs in the Philippines. ...................... 40 Figure 4.2 Marine and terrestrial KBAs with the NIPAS sites..................................... 42 Figure 5.1 Sources of grants to DE NR, 2007. (DENR FASPO, 2008) ....................... 49 Figure 5.2 Distribution of foreign-assistance grants by sector. (DENR-FASPO, 2008)............................................................................................................ 50 LIST OF ANNEXES A. Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118 and 119...................................................... 83 B. Persons Consulted/Interviewed............................................................................. 90 C. Supplemental Information .................................................................................... 93 D. IUCN Red List for the Philippines...................................................................... 103 E. Philippines Species on CITES Appendix I and II..............................................