Water Resources Development and Management Reinhard F. Hüttl Oliver Bens Christine Bismuth Sebastian Hoechstetter Editors Society - Water - Technology A Critical Appraisal of Major Water Engineering Projects Water Resources Development and Management Series Editors Asit K. Biswas, Los Clubes, Atizapan, Mexico Cecilia Tortajada, Third World Centre for Water Management, Los Clubes, Atizapan, Mexico Editorial Board Dogan Altinbilek, Ankara, Turkey Chennat Gopalakrishnan, Honolulu, USA Jun Xia, Beijing, China Olli Varis, Helsinki, Finland More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7009 Reinhard F. Hüttl • Oliver Bens Christine Bismuth • Sebastian Hoechstetter Editors Society - Water - Technology A Critical Appraisal of Major Water Engineering Projects Editors Reinhard F. Hüttl Oliver Bens Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg , Potsdam , Germany Telegrafenberg , Potsdam , Germany Christine Bismuth Sebastian Hoechstetter Interdisciplinary Research Group Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Society - Water - Technology Research Centre for Geosciences Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences Telegrafenberg , Potsdam , Germany and Humanities Berlin , Germany Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg , Potsdam , Germany This publication presents the results of the Interdisciplinary Research Group “Society – Water – Technology” of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Forschungsberichte der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppen, vol. 34). It has been funded by the Senatsverwaltung für Wirtschaft, Technologie und Forschung des Landes Berlin, Germany, and the Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Brandenburg. ISSN 1614-810X ISSN 2198-316X (electronic) Water Resources Development and Management ISBN 978-3-319-18970-3 ISBN 978-3-319-18971-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18971-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015952822 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 . The book is published with open access at SpringerLink.com . Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- commercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media ( www. springer.com ) Contents Part I Context and Objectives 1 Introduction: A Critical Appraisal of Major Water Engineering Projects and the Need for Interdisciplinary Approaches........................................................... 3 Reinhard F. Hüttl , Oliver Bens , Christine Bismuth , Sebastian Hoechstetter , Hans-Georg Frede , and Hans-Joachim Kümpel 2 Water Ethics – Orientation for Water Conflicts as Part of Inter- and Transdisciplinary Deliberation .......................... 11 Armin Grunwald Part II Major Water Engineering Projects – Challenges, Problems, Opportunities 3 Major Water Engineering Projects: Definitions, Framework Conditions, Systemic Effects ............................................. 33 Sebastian Hoechstetter , Christine Bismuth , and Hans-Georg Frede 4 A Global View on Future Major Water Engineering Projects ............ 47 Klement Tockner , Emily S. Bernhardt , Anna Koska , and Christiane Zarfl 5 Neglected Values of Major Water Engineering Projects: Ecosystem Services, Social Impacts, and Economic Valuation ......................................................................... 65 Bernd Hansjürgens , Nils Droste , and Klement Tockner 6 Water Governance: A Systemic Approach ........................................... 79 Petra Dobner and Hans-Georg Frede v vi Contents 7 Research in Two Case Studies: Irrigation and Land Use in the Fergana Valley and Water Management in the Lower Jordan Valley ............................................. 89 Christine Bismuth , Sebastian Hoechstetter , and Oliver Bens Part III The Fergana Valley – Uzbekistan’s Hydro-Agricultural System Between Inertia and Change 8 Between Multiple Transformations and Systemic Path Dependencies ........................................................... 101 Timothy Moss and Petra Dobner 9 From Upscaling to Rescaling: Transforming the Fergana Basin from Tsarist Irrigation to Water Management for an Independent Uzbekistan .............................................................. 113 Hermann Kreutzmann 10 Irrigation Infrastructure in Fergana Today: Ecological Implications – Economic Necessities .................................. 129 Shavkat Kenjabaev and Hans-Georg Frede 11 Where Water Meets Agriculture: The Ambivalent Role of Water Users Associations .......................................................... 149 Timothy Moss and Ahmad Hamidov 12 Theory, the Market and the State: Agricultural Reforms in Post Socialist Uzbekistan Between Economic Incentives and Institutional Obstacles ................................ 169 Bernd Hansjürgens Part IV The Lower Jordan Valley – The Red Sea-Dead Sea Conveyance Project and Its Complex History 13 Water Resources, Cooperation and Power Asymmetries in the Water Management of the Lower Jordan Valley: The Situation Today and the Path that Has Led There ................................................................................. 189 Christine Bismuth 14 Reclaiming the Dead Sea: Alternatives for Action ............................... 205 Abdallah I. Husein Malkawi and Yacov Tsur 15 Jordan’s Shadow State and Water Management: Prospects for Water Security Will Depend on Politics and Regional Cooperation ...................................................................... 227 Valerie Yorke Contents vii 16 Technologies, Incentives and Cost Recovery: Is There an Israeli Role Model?............................................................. 253 Christine Bismuth , Bernd Hansjürgens , and Ira Yaari Part V Outlook and Options for Action 17 Lessons Learnt, Open Research Questions and Recommendations .......................................................... 279 Christine Bismuth , Bernd Hansjürgens , Timothy Moss , Sebastian Hoechstetter , Klement Tockner , Valerie Yorke , Hermann Kreutzmann , Petra Dobner , Shavkat Kenjabaev , Reinhard F. Hüttl , Oliver Bens , Rolf Emmermann , Hans-Georg Frede , Gerhard Glatzel , Hermann H. Hahn , Bernd Hillemeier , Hans- Joachim Kümpel , Axel Meyer , Helmar Schubert , Herbert Sukopp , and Ugur Yaramanci Index ................................................................................................................. 293 Contributors Oliver Bens Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences , Telegrafenberg , Potsdam , Germany Emily S. Bernhardt Department of Biology , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA Christine Bismuth Interdisciplinary Research Group Society - Water - Technology , Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , Berlin , Germany Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences , Telegrafenberg , Potsdam , Germany Petra Dobner Institute of Political Science and Japanese Studies , Martin-Luther- Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Halle, Germany Nils Droste Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ , Leipzig , Germany Rolf Emmermann Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg , Potsdam , Germany Hans-Georg Frede Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management (ILR), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Gießen , Germany Gerhard Glatzel Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien BOKU , Vienna , Austria Armin Grunwald Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS) , Karlsruhe , Germany Hermann H. Hahn Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, HAW , Heidelberg , Germany Ahmad Hamidov Department of Agricultural Economics , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Berlin , Germany Bernd Hansjürgens Department of Economics , Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ , Leipzig , Germany ix x Contributors Bernd Hillemeier Technische Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany Sebastian Hoechstetter Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences , Telegrafenberg, Potsdam , Germany Reinhard F. Hüttl Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences , Telegrafenberg, Potsdam