IEKP-KA/2005-24 Entwicklung der raumfahrtqualifizierten Datenakquisition fur¨ den Ubergangsstrahlungsdetektor¨ des AMS-02 Experiments auf der Internationalen Raumstation Florian P.L. Hauler Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN von der Fakult¨atf¨urPhysik der Universit¨at (TH) Karlsruhe genehmigte DISSERTATION von Dipl.-Phys. Florian Hauler aus Karlsruhe Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 16.12.2005 Referent: Prof. Dr. Willem de Boer, Institut f¨urExperimentelle Kernphysik Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Thomas M¨uller, Institut f¨urExperimentelle Kernphysik ii Universit¨at Karlsruhe (TH) WS 2005/2006 Institut f¨urExperimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP) Dissertation Development of the Space Qualified Data Acquisition for the Transition Radiation Detector of the AMS-02 Experiment on the International Space Station Florian Philipp Leopold Hauler 16.12.2005 Prof. Dr. Wim de Boer Prof. Dr. Thomas M¨uller to my family and my friends I hope this thesis gives an answer to their question: What is a physicist actually doing in his job? Figure 0.1: Experiment logo of AMS-02. iv Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 AMS-02 - a Particle Detector Designed for Operation on the ISS 5 2.1 The Superconducting Magnet . 7 2.1.1 Magnet Design . 7 2.1.2 Mechanical System . 9 2.1.3 Magnet Cooling and Cryogenics . 10 2.2 The Tracker and its Subsystems . 13 2.2.1 Tracker Design . 13 2.2.2 The Tracker Alignment System . 16 2.2.3 The Tracker Thermal Control System . 17 2.3 The Transition Radiation Detector . 18 2.3.1 Transition Radiation Detector Design . 18 2.3.2 Mechanics and Straw Tubes . 20 2.3.3 The Xe/CO2 Gas System . 23 2.4 The Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector . 24 2.4.1 Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Design . 24 2.4.2 Radiator and Mirror . 26 2.5 The Time-of-Flight System and Anticoincidence Counters . 27 2.5.1 The Time-of-Flight Detector . 27 2.5.2 Anticoincidence Counters . 28 2.5.3 The Trigger . 30 2.6 The Electromagnetic Calorimeter . 30 2.6.1 Design of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter . 30 2.6.2 Standalone ECAL Gamma Trigger . 33 2.7 The AMICA Star Tracker and GPS . 33 2.7.1 The AMICA Star Tracker . 33 2.7.2 GPS . 34 2.8 AMS-02 Thermal Control . 34 2.9 Physics with AMS-02 . 35 2.9.1 Search for Antimatter . 36 2.9.2 Age of Cosmic Rays . 37 2.9.3 Indirect Search for Dark Matter . 38 3 Operation in Space on the International Space Station 43 3.1 The Space Shuttle . 43 3.2 The International Space Station (ISS) . 46 3.3 Environmental Considerations . 50 3.3.1 Launch . 50 v Contents 3.3.2 Solar Radiation . 51 3.3.3 Orbit Environment . 52 3.3.4 Material Outgassing . 53 3.3.5 Atomic Oxygen Erosion . 53 3.3.6 Other Material Effects . 54 3.3.7 Radiation Effects . 54 3.4 Thermal Considerations . 55 4 Theory of Transition Radiation Detectors 57 4.1 Transition Radiation . 57 4.1.1 Emission on a Single Interface . 58 4.1.2 Emission on Two Interfaces of a Material Layer . 59 4.1.3 Regular and Irregular Radiator . 60 4.2 Detection of Transition Radiation . 63 4.2.1 Charged Particle Detection . 63 4.2.2 Photon Detection . 64 4.3 The Proportional Chamber . 66 4.4 Gas Amplification . 67 4.5 Outlook: Proton Rejection Analysis . 68 5 Space Qualified Electronics 71 5.1 Overview of AMS-02 DAQ . 71 5.2 AMS-02 Global DAQ and Slow Control . 72 5.2.1 Global DAQ and Slow Control Hierarchy . 72 5.2.2 Interfaces to the International Space Station . 74 5.2.3 AMS Crew Operations Post . 75 5.2.4 Communication Standards . 76 5.2.5 The Common Parts of AMS-02 Electronics: CDP and CDDC . 78 5.3 The TRD DAQ electronics subsystem design . 83 5.4 Front End Electronics . 85 5.4.1 The Front End Board UFE . 85 5.4.2 The Tube End Board UTE . 89 5.4.3 The High Voltage Distributor UHVD . 89 5.5 The U-Crate: Electronics for the TRD . 90 5.5.1 The Interface Board JINFv2 . 90 5.5.2 The Data Reduction Board UDR2 . 91 5.5.3 The Linear Regulator Board UPSFEv2 . 92 5.5.4 The High Voltage Generator UHVG . 95 5.5.5 The Backplane UBPv2 . 97 5.5.6 Temperature Readout . 99 5.5.7 Problems Identified During Development . 99 5.6 The UPD-Box: Power Distribution for the TRD . 102 5.6.1 DC/DC Converters . 105 5.6.2 S9011AUv2 and S9011B: Slow Control Electronics for the UPD-Box . 107 5.7 Weight Reduction . 108 5.7.1 Removal of two USCMs and Affiliated DC/DC Converters . 108 5.7.2 Combination of Digital and Analog Front End Power Supply . 109 5.8 Development and Production . 110 vi Contents 5.8.1 Development at CAEN in Europe . 112 5.8.2 Production at CSIST in Taiwan . 113 5.8.3 Production Problems and Recovery . 114 5.9 Space Qualification . 115 5.9.1 QM2 Qualification and FM/FS Acceptance Procedure on Board Level . 116 5.9.2 QM2 Qualification and FM/FS Acceptance Procedure on Crate Level . 117 5.10 Test Setups . 122 5.10.1 EM/QM1 Test Backplanes . 122 5.10.2 UPSFE Test Backplane . 125 5.10.3 Front End Simulator (UFS) . 127 5.11 Power Consumption and Weight . 129 5.12 Data Acquisition (DAQ) . 130 5.12.1 AMSWire Commanding . 130 5.12.2 Control GUI . 132 5.13 Slow Control . 132 5.13.1 The Lecroy Protocol . 133 5.13.2 Slow Control Commanding . 134 5.13.3 Slow Control Features . 135 6 Working with the U System: Testbeams, Cosmics and DSP Programming 137 6.1 Testbeams at CERN, East Area, T9 . 137 6.1.1 Testbeam 2002 . 138 6.1.2 Testbeam 2003 . 139 6.2 Cosmics . 142 6.2.1 Setup . 143 6.2.2 Temperature and Pressure Correction of the Argon/CO2 Mixture . 143 6.2.3 JINFv2 Delay Scan . 145 6.2.4 Voltage Scan . 146 6.2.5 Fe55 Energy Calibration . 146 6.3 DSP Programming on UDR2 . 149 6.3.1 Analog Devices A2187L-DSP Architecture . 150 6.3.2 Data Reduction . 152 6.3.3 Pedestal Calibration . 153 7 Summary 155 A TRD Grounding Scheme 157 B Power Calculation 161 C Data Reduction Code 163 D Pedestal Calibration Code 165 Acknowledgements 173 List of Figures.