Family: Asteraceae Taxon: Gutierrezia sarothrae Synonym: Gutierrezia diversifolia Greene Common Name: broom snakeweed Solidago sarothrae Pursh (basionym) kindlingweed Xanthocephalum sarothrae (Pursh) Shinners matchbrush matchweed snakeweed Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 15 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 Print Date: 12/7/2011 Gutierrezia sarothrae (Asteraceae) Page 1 of 9 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 2 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 y 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 15 Print Date: 12/7/2011 Gutierrezia sarothrae (Asteraceae) Page 2 of 9 Supporting Data: 101 1985. Lane, M.A.. Taxonomy of Gutierrezia [Is the species highly domesticated?? No] "Gutierrezia sarothrae is an extremely (Compositae: Astereae) in North America. weedy and widely distributed species that is known to have diploid, tetraploid, and Systematic Botany. 10(1): 7-28. octoploid populations (Lane 1980b, 1982b, and unpubl.)." [No evidence] 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1997. Sterling, T.M./Hou, Y.. Genetic Diversity of [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "Broom snakeweed is Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and the most widely distributed, growing from cold-temperate climates in southern Threadleaf Snakeweed (G.microcephala) British Columbia and Saskatchewan, Canada to subtropical areas in Nuevo Leon Populations. Weed Science. 45(5): 674-680. and Sinola, Mexico (Lane 1985; Solbrig 1960)." 202 1997. Sterling, T.M./Hou, Y.. Genetic Diversity of [Quality of climate match data 2-high] "Broom snakeweed is the most widely Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and distributed, growing from cold-temperate climates in southern British Columbia Threadleaf Snakeweed (G.microcephala) and Saskatchewan, Canada to subtropical areas in Nuevo Leon and Sinola, Populations. Weed Science. 45(5): 674-680. Mexico (Lane 1985; Solbrig 1960)." 203 1985. Lane, M.A.. Taxonomy of Gutierrezia [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Distribution and (Compositae: Astereae) in North America. habitat: Throughout W United States, south into central Mexico and north to W Systematic Botany. 10(1): 7-28. Canada (fig. 5); 50-2900 m. Grass- lands, Larrea-Yucca deserts, arroyos, slopes; soils varied." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m] 203 2000. Sterling, T.M./Murray, L.W./Hou, Y.. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Gutierrezia sarothrae Morphological Variation among Gutierrezia and Gutierrezia microcephala are multibranched shrubs of the Asteraceae family sarothrae Populations. Weed Science. 48(3): 356- common to western United States rangeland ecosystems (Sterling et al. 1999). 365. They are shallow-rooted, low growing, often short-lived perennial shrubs growing on a wide variety of soils and landscape positions and across a broad spectrum of climates and vegetation types...Over these large areas, G. sarothrae populations show great adaptation to soil types, a broad spectrum of climates, elevations, and other vegetation species (Lane 1985; Nadabo et al. 1980). Gutierrezia sarothrae habitats range from 700 to 2,900 m in elevation on welldrained high montane slopes, mesic or semiarid grasslands, and deserts (Lane 1980, 1985)." 204 1997. Sterling, T.M./Hou, Y.. Genetic Diversity of [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and "Broom snakeweed is the most widely distributed, growing from cold-temperate Threadleaf Snakeweed (G.microcephala) climates in southern British Columbia and Saskatchewan, Canada to subtropical Populations. Weed Science. 45(5): 674-680. areas in Nuevo Leon and Sinola, Mexico (Lane 1985; Solbrig 1960)." 205 1999. Wiersema, J.H./León, B.. World Economic [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Plants: A Standard Reference. CRC Press, Boca range? No] No evidence Raton, FL 301 2006. Nesom, G.L.. Flora of North America Vol. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Gutierrezia sarothrae is often abundant 20 - Gutierrezia sarothrae. Missouri Botanical in overgrazed pastures; it is naturalized in New York." Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1 &taxon_id=250066828 301 2011. Starr, F./Starr, K.. Plants of Hawaii - [Naturalized beyond native range? Found growing on summit of Haleakala, Maui. Gutierrezia sarothrae. Presumably controlled] "Gutierrezia sarothrae Broom snakeweed Flowers http://www.hear.org/starr/images/search/?q=Gutie Science City, Maui August 17, 2011" rrezia+sarothrae&o=plants 302 2009. Ralphs, M.H.. Response of Broom [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? A disturbance adapted weed that impacts Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and Cool- ranching. See 3.03] "Broom snakeweed is one of the most widespread range Season Grasses to Defoliation. Invasive Plant weeds in western North America. Although a native plant, it increases with Science and Management. 2(1): 28-35. disturbance such as overgrazing, fire, and drought, and can dominate sites." 303 1992. Sterling, T.M./Lownds, N.K.. Picloram [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? Yes] "Broom snakeweed is a Absorption by Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia suffrutescent shrub widely distributed in the Western United States from Canada sarothrae) Leaf Tissue. Weed Science. 40(3): to northern Mexico (6). This weed is a problem in rangeland because it interferes 390-394. with forage growth and production(11) and is potentially poisonous to livestock( 12). An estimated 60% of New Mexico rangeland is infested by broom snakeweed resulting in significant economic losses (21)." 303 2000. Sterling, T.M./Murray, L.W./Hou, Y.. [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? Yes] "Gutierrezia sarothrae has been Morphological Variation among Gutierrezia considered detrimental to rangeland for a century (Wooten 1915) due to its sarothrae Populations. Weed Science. 48(3): 356- toxicity to livestock and its ability to reduce forage production via competition with 365. desirable species (McDaniel and Sosebee 1988; Ueckert 1979)." Print Date: 12/7/2011 Gutierrezia sarothrae (Asteraceae) Page 3 of 9 304 2011. Ralphs, M.H./McDaniel, K.C.. Broom [Environmental weed? A native plant that is primarily considered a rangeland Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae): Toxicology, weed. May have ecological impacts, generally as the result of overgrazing] Ecology, Control, and Management. Invasive "Broom snakeweed is a native plant that can increase in density when other more Plant Science and Management. 4(1): 125-132. desirable plants are reduced or removed by disturbance, such as overgrazing, fire, or drought. It can dominate many of the plant communities on western rangelands, including: salt desert shrub, sagebrush, and pinyon–juniper plant communities of the Intermountain region; short- and mixed grass prairies of the plains; and mesquite, creosotebush, and desert grassland communities of the southwestern deserts (U.S.