UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title Advances in PET Detection of the Antitumor T Cell Response. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xj2w70k Authors McCracken, MN Tavaré, R Witte, ON et al. Publication Date 2016 DOI 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.02.004 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California VOLUME ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY ONE ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY ASSOCIATE EDITORS K. Frank Austen Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Tasuku Honjo Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Fritz Melchers University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Hidde Ploegh Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA Kenneth M. Murphy Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA VOLUME ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY ONE ADVANCES IN IMMUNOLOGY Edited by FREDERICK W. ALT Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 125 London Wall, London, EC2Y 5AS, UK First edition 2016 © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-12-804798-9 ISSN: 0065-2776 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher: Zoe Kruze Acquisition Editor: Mary Zimmerman Editorial Project Manager: Helene Kabes Production Project Manager: Surya Narayanan Jayachandran Designer: Greg Harris Typeset by SPi Global, India CONTENTS Contributors vii 1. Malondialdehyde Epitopes as Targets of Immunity and the Implications for Atherosclerosis 1 N. Papac-Milicevic, C.J.-L. Busch, and C.J. Binder 1. Overview 2 2. Biochemistry and Generation of MDA In Vitro and In Vivo 2 3. Generation of MDA Epitopes 5 4. Carriers of MDA Epitopes 10 5. Targets of Immune Response 20 6. Innate Immune Responses Toward OSEs 20 7. Adaptive Immunity Responses on MDA Epitopes 32 8. MDA Epitopes in Diseases 33 9. Relevance of OSEs in Cardiovascular Disease 35 10. MDA Epitopes in Atherosclerosis 36 11. MDA Epitopes as Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease 43 12. Conclusions 45 References 45 2. Factors That Regulate the Generation of Antibody-Secreting Plasma Cells 61 Y.-H. Yu and K.-I. Lin 1. Germinal Center 62 2. Plasma Cells 66 3. Memory B Cells 71 4. Blimp-1 Is a Key Regulator of Plasma-Cell Differentiation 76 5. Perspectives 86 Acknowledgments 87 References 87 3. Deep Profiling Human T Cell Heterogeneity by Mass Cytometry 101 Y. Cheng and E.W. Newell 1. Introduction 102 2. T Cell Heterogeneity: Days of Future Past 104 3. Mass Cytometry: Experimental Workflow and Data Processing 107 4. Mass Cytometry: Panel Design for T Cell Analysis 113 v vi Contents 5. Probing T Cell Specificity: From Single to Multiplex Tetramer 119 6. Dissecting Mass Cytometry Data: High-Dimensional Data Analysis 121 7. Future Perspectives 126 8. Concluding Remarks 127 Acknowledgments 128 References 128 4. Germinal Center B-Cell-Associated Nuclear Protein (GANP) Involved in RNA Metabolism for B Cell Maturation 135 N. Sakaguchi and K. Maeda 1. Introduction 136 2. Affinity Maturation and Ab Specificity 138 3. Molecules Associated with Ab Affinity Maturation 140 4. Germinal Center B-Cell-Associated Nuclear Protein 145 5. Structure of GANP 151 6. GANP-Associated Proteins 156 7. Transcription-Coupled IgV Region SHM 163 8. TREX-2 and Diseases 167 9. Perspectives 170 Acknowledgments 170 References 171 5. Advances in PET Detection of the Antitumor T Cell Response 187 M.N. McCracken, R. Tavaré, O.N. Witte, and A.M. Wu 1. Introduction 188 2. Ex Vivo Cell Labeling for Tracking Immune Cells In Vivo 192 3. Small Molecule Metabolite Probes for Tracking T Cells 196 4. PET Reporter Imaging for Tracking Engineered Cells In Vivo 202 5. In Vivo Detection of Immune Cells Using Radiolabeled Proteins 211 6. Concluding Remarks and Future Direction of PET Imaging the Antitumor T Cell Response 221 Acknowledgments 222 References 222 Index 233 Contents of Recent Volumes 237 CONTRIBUTORS C.J. Binder Medical University of Vienna; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria C.J.-L. Busch Medical University of Vienna; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria Y. Cheng Singapore Immunology Network, Agency of Science, Technology and Research; School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore K.-I. Lin Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan K. Maeda WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC); Laboratory of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan M.N. McCracken Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States E.W. Newell Singapore Immunology Network, Agency of Science, Technology and Research; School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore N. Papac-Milicevic Medical University of Vienna; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria N. Sakaguchi WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan R. Tavare´ Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States O.N. Witte Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine; Molecular Biology Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States A.M. Wu Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States Y.-H. Yu Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan vii This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER ONE Malondialdehyde Epitopes as Targets of Immunity and the Implications for Atherosclerosis N. Papac-Milicevic*,†,1, C.J.-L. Busch*,†,1, C.J. Binder*,†,2 *Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria †Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria 2Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Overview 2 2. Biochemistry and Generation of MDA In Vitro and In Vivo 2 3. Generation of MDA Epitopes 5 3.1 MDA Modification of Amino Acids and Proteins 6 3.2 MDA Modification of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 8 3.3 MDA Modification of Phospholipids 9 3.4 Metabolism of MDA Epitopes In Vivo 10 4. Carriers of MDA Epitopes 10 5. Targets of Immune Response 20 6. Innate Immune Responses Toward OSEs 20 6.1 Cellular Receptors of MDA Epitopes 22 6.2 Proinflammatory Effects of MDA Epitopes 24 6.3 Innate Recognition by IgM Natural Antibodies and Complement 26 7. Adaptive Immunity Responses on MDA Epitopes 32 8. MDA Epitopes in Diseases 33 9. Relevance of OSEs in Cardiovascular Disease 35 10. MDA Epitopes in Atherosclerosis 36 10.1 MDA Immunization Protects from Atherosclerosis 38 10.2 MDA-Specific Natural Immunity Protects from Atherosclerosis 41 11. MDA Epitopes as Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease 43 12. Conclusions 45 References 45 Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs) constitute a novel class of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated during high oxi- dative stress but also in the physiological process of apoptosis. To deal with the potentially 1 Contributed equally. Advances in Immunology, Volume 131 # 2016 Elsevier Inc. 1 ISSN 0065-2776 All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2016.02.001