2008 Minerals Yearbook ASIA AND THE PACIFIC U.S. Department of the Interior August 2010 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RIES OF ASIA AND T HE PACIFIC By Yolanda Fong-Sam, Chin S. Kuo, Lin Shi, Pui-Kwan Tse, Susan Wacaster, and David R. Wilburn The Asia and the Pacific region, which includes 31 countries its large manufacturing sector and poor indigenous resources. and territories, has a total area of about 29.9 million square China, however, remained the region’s leader in terms of growth kilometers, which accounts for about 20.1% of the world total. in consumption, especially for such mineral commodities as The total population was about 3.71 billion, which accounted for aluminum, cement, coal, copper, iron and steel, lead, natural about 55.5% of the world total in 2008. China and India, which gas, crude petroleum, phosphate rock, rare earths, tin, and zinc. were the world’s two most populous countries, accounted for India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, about 66% of the region’s total population and about 37% of Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam also were important consumers the world’s total population. The economies of Bhutan, China, of such mineral commodities as aluminum, cement, copper, East Timor, India, Laos, and Mongolia were the fastest growing gold, iron ore, lead, phosphate rock, silver, steel, and zinc. in the region in 2008 with real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates of more than 7% (tables 1, 2). Acknowledgments Australia and China were among the world’s leading mineral producers. Australia has large resources of bauxite, coal, cobalt, The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) acknowledges and copper, diamond, gold, iron ore, lead, lithium, manganese, thanks the following foreign Government agencies, international mineral sands, tantalum, and uranium. China has large resources institutions, and private research organizations for providing of antimony, arsenic, barite, coal, fluorite, gold, graphite, iron mineral-production statistics, basic economic data, and ore, magnesium, rare earths, strontium, tin, tungsten, and zinc. exploration and mineral-related information: India also was one of the world’s significant mineral producers For mineral production statistics— and has large resources of barite, bauxite, chromium, iron ore, • Australia—Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource manganese, rare earths, and salt. Other significant mineral Economics (ABARE) and Western Australia Department of producers in the region were Indonesia, which has large Mines and Petroleum [since January 1, 2009]; resources of coal, copper, gold, nickel, and tin; Mongolia, which • Bhutan—Ministry of Trade and Industry, Department of has large resources of copper, fluorspar, and molybdenum; Geology and Mines; Papua New Guinea, which has large resources of copper and • Brunei—Prime Minister’s Department, Petroleum Unit; gold; the Philippines, which has large resources of copper, gold, • Cambodia—Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, and nickel; and Thailand, which has large resources of feldspar, Department of Mineral Resources Development; gypsum, and potash (table 4). • India—Indian Bureau of Mines; Despite the large amount and wide variety of resources of • Japan—Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Research nonfuel minerals and coal in Australia, China, India, Indonesia, and Statistics Department; Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Thailand, • Laos—Ministry of Industry and Handicraft, Department of the regional supplies of numerous nonfuel minerals [including Geology and Mines; aluminum, bauxite, copper, diamond, gold, iron ore, lead, • Malaysia—Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, phosphate rock, platinum-group metals (PGM), silver, and Minerals and Geoscience Department; zinc] and such major mineral fuels as coal, natural gas, crude • Mongolia—Mineral Resources and Petroleum Authority; petroleum, and refined petroleum products, were insufficient to • Nepal—Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies, satisfy the demand in the region in recent years. The shortage Department of Mines and Geology; was caused largely by a substantial increase in the consumption • Republic of Korea—Korea Institute of Geoscience and of nonfuel minerals and mineral fuels by China and India; by Mineral Resources; continued high levels of consumption by such resource-poor • Sri Lanka—Geological Survey and Mines Bureau; industrialized countries as Japan, the Republic of Korea, • Thailand—Ministry of Industry, Department of Primary Singapore, and Taiwan; and by the growing economies of such Industries and Mines; and middle-income developing countries as Indonesia, Malaysia, • Vietnam—Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral and Thailand. In 2008, the region of Africa and the Middle East Resources. supplied a large percentage of the Asia and the Pacific region’s For key economic data— requirements for natural gas, crude petroleum, and refined • Asian Development Bank in Manila, Philippines; petroleum products. Africa, North America, and South America • International Monetary Fund in Washington, DC; and supplied a substantial percentage of the region’s raw material • The World Bank in Washington, DC. requirements for ferrous and nonferrous metals. For exploration and other mineral-related information— China and Japan were the two major regional markets for • Australian Bureau of Statistics in Canberra, Australia; and crude and processed minerals. Japan was the region’s leading • Metals Economics Group in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. consumer of imported ferrous and nonferrous metals because of ASIA AND THE PAcific—2008 1.1 General Economic Conditions the Royalties for Regions program, which would reinvest about 25% of the State’s annual mining and resources royalty revenues In 2008, economic growth in the Asia and the Pacific region in regional communities starting in 2009 (Australian Mining, was significant with an average GDP (based on purchasing 2008b). The Northern Territory government would allocate power parity) growth of 8.1%. Increased domestic consumption $2.15 million during the course of the next 3 years (beginning in led to strong growth in such countries as East Timor (12.8%), 2009) to increase the pace of exploration drilling and geophysics China (9%), Mongolia (8.9%), Bhutan (7.6%), India (7.3%), in undeveloped areas of the State by providing funding and Laos (7.2%). Exports remained an important driving force assistance to successful applicant projects. Seven drilling of economic activity in such countries as Australia, China, projects were approved under this program in 2008 (Northern Japan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. In the Territory Government, 2009). fall of 2008, foreign investment in the region collapsed. The In China, the “2008-2015 National Plan for Mineral financial sectors of Asia’s developing economies appeared to Resources” was released in late 2008 (Trading Markets, 2008). be weathering the crisis quite well; however, the effects of the The plan, formulated by the Ministry of Land and Resources, crisis were nonetheless being felt in the region and the economic proposes enhancing regulation on exploration and use of mineral growth was expected to be slower in the next 2 years compared resources, specifies areas to be encouraged or restricted, and with that of 2008. This slowdown could affect economic discusses the establishment of strategic reserves for selected growth in such exporting countries as Japan, the Republic mineral resources. The Government also passed provisions of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Domestic consumption in for licensing of geologists and prospectors in China (Kosich, such countries as China, India, and Vietnam was expected to 2008c). continue to sustain growth as the value of exports continued The Indian Ministry of Mines continued the process of to decline. Economic growth in the Asia and the Pacific region securing support for its revised National Mineral Policy. The overall was expected to remain strong because of the improved revised legislation, which was enacted into law in the 2009 macroeconomic policies that were put in place during the past session of the Indian Parliament, is designed to stimulate several years; this improvement was evidenced by declining investment in the Indian mining sector and simplify the debt burdens and increases in the current account balances, regulatory framework. Annually, foreign direct investment fiscal balances, and foreign reserves (World Bank, The, 2010, in the Indian mining sector for the period 2000-08 averaged p. 117, 150). $510 million (Campbell, 2008). After the first quarter of 2008, economic growth was slow After 3 years of discussion, the Indonesian Government but steady in most of the developed countries in the West. In passed a new mining law that gives local governments the Asia and the Pacific region, the manufacturing capacity greater control over exploration and mining activities, limits was being transferred slowly from the developed countries to exploration areas to 100,000 hectares, reduces the length of the developing countries, although the rate of growth in the time that miners have to extract resources from a maximum of demand for metals and minerals was expected to be less than 70 years to 20 years, requires separate permits for each phase that of the past 2 years. Many developing and most developed of mining activity, and requires local processing of mined economies began to implement large-scale fiscal and financial materials (Karmini, 2008). Indonesia