IAJPS 2018, 05 (04), 2183-2190 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 CODEN [USA]: IAJPBB ISSN: 2349-7750 INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Review Article CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT OF INULA GRAVEOLENS (SYN: DITTRICHIA GRAVEOLENS)- A REVIEW Ali Esmail Al-Snafi Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Thi qar, Iraq. Cell: +9647801397994. E mail: [email protected] Abstract: The phytochemical study showed that Inula graveolens contained polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, oil, steroidal triterpenoides, sesquiterpene and anthraquinones. The pharmacological researches revealed that Inula graveolens exerted antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti- platelet aggregation, antiproliferative, anti-diarrheal, antipyretic, analgesic, antiinflammatory and anticholenergic effects. The current review discussed the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Inula graveolens. Keywords: chemical constituents, pharmacology, Inula graveolens Corresponding author: Ali Esmail Al-Snafi QR code Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Thi qar, Iraq Cell: +9647801397994. E mail: [email protected] Please cite this article in press Ali Esmail Al-Snafi., Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effect of Inula Graveolens [SYN: Dittrichia Graveolens]- A Review, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2018; 05(04). w w w . i a j p s . c o m Page 2183 IAJPS 2018, 05 (04), 2183-2190 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 INTRODUCTION: lance-linear, 1–3[–7] cm × 1–3[–10] mm, margins Plants contained biologically active chemicals, some entire or denticulate, apices acute, faces pilosulous to of these were extremely useful for the treatment of hirtellous and minutely stipitate- human diseases, but many plant constituents glandular. Phyllaries 1–8 mm. Ray florets [6–]10– produced side effects and may life-threatening 12[–16]; corolla laminae 2–5[–7] mm. Disc florets 9– illnesses[1-14]. The phytochemical study showed that 14+; corollas 3–4 mm. Cypselae 1.5–2 mm[21-22]. Inula graveolens contained polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, oil, steroidal triterpenoides, sesquiterpene Traditional uses: and anthraquinones. The pharmacological researches Inula graveolens was widely used in aromatherapy revealed that Inula graveolens exerted antimicrobial, for the treatment of asthma. It was used as insecticidal, anti- platelet aggregation, bronchospasmolytic and mucolytic[23]. Inula antiproliferative, anti-diarrheal, antipyretic, analgesic, graveolens was widely used in Iraq for the treatment antiinflammatory and anticholenergic effects. This of rheumatic fever, infant convulsions, toothache, to review will discuss the chemical constituents and reduce blood sugar, to dissolve internal blood clots, pharmacological effects of Inula graveolens. and to aid digestion[18]. In Iranian traditional Plant profile: medicine it was used as a anti-inflammation, Synonyms: antirheumatism, antitumor, antipathogene and antiinfection specially in the treatment of Conyza minor Bubani, Cupularia graveolens [L.] leishmaniosis[20]. It was also used for treatment of Godr. & Gren., Dittrichia graveolens [L.] Greuter, urinary tract infections, hemorrhoids, cold and Erigeron graveolens L., Inula brahuica Boiss., Inula wound infections[24]. quadridentata Lag and Jacobaea graveolens[L.] Merino[15]. Oil was inhaled in low concentrations for desired Taxonomic classification: mucolytic effect, as decongestant in sinusitis and respiratory inflammations, and for loosening mucus in unproductive coughs and asthmatic conditions. Kingdom: Plantae; Subkingdom: Tracheobionta; Topically, it was used as counteracts and was Superdivision: Spermatophyta; Division: blended with Eucalyptus Dives, Spike Lavender, and Magnoliophyta; Class: Magnoliopsida; Subclass: Rosemary Verbenone, to releive acne caused by Asteridae; Order: Asterales; Family: Asteraceae ⁄ ovreactive sebaceous glands. Inula dissolved Compositae; Genus: Dittrichia/ Inula; Species: Inula hardened sebum from clogged glands[25]. Essential graveolens and Dittrichia graveolens[16]. oil was also used to support lymphatic circulation Common names: and the immune system, and to reduce acneic skin inflammation[26]. Arabic: Inula, Shuwaser, Suawaid, Rasan, Teion; Part used medicinally: English: Camphor inula, Cape khakiweed, Stinking- The whole plant and its oil [18, 23-26]. fleabane, Stinkweed, Stinkwort; German: Drüsiger Alant, Klebriger Alant; Iran: Atre paizii Swedish: Kamferinula[17-20]. Chemical constituents: The preliminary phytochemical study showed that Inula graveolens contained polyphenols, tannins, Distribution: flavonoids, oil, steroidal triterpenoides, sesquiterpene and anthraquinones[27-31]. It was distributed in Africa [Egypt, The chemical composition of the essential oils of Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia]; Asia [Iraq, Iran, Inula graveolens varies depending on the plant Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Pakistan]; origin. The main component found in the essential Europe [Albania, Bosnia, oils of Inula graveolens from Corsica was borneol Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Montene [7.6%]. However, essential oil of Inula graveolens gro, Serbia, France, Portugal, Spain, from Corsica contained santolinatriene 0.5, α-pinene Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, 0.3, camphene 6.1, β-pinene 0.8, dehydrocineole Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom, 1.7, p-cymene 0.1, limonene 0.7, p-cymenene 0.1, Slovenia]; Australasia [Australia, New Zealand] and camphor 0.1, trans-chrysenthemyl alcohol 0.1, p- Northern America [USA][17-19]. mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol [α-phellandren-8-ol] 0.2, Description: Borneol 7.6, and trace amounts of α-terpinene, Plant viscid, rank smelling, 20–130 cm; stems ± camphene hydrate, yomogi alcohol, myrcene, α- pilose and stipitate-glandular. Leaf blades linear to phellandrene, santolina alcohol, β-phellandrene, [E ]- w w w . i a j p s . c o m Page 2184 IAJPS 2018, 05 (04), 2183-2190 Ali Esmail Al-Snafi ISSN 2349-7750 β -ocimene, γ -terpinene, artemisia alcohol, trans-ρ-menth-2-en-1,8-diol 2.19, decanal 0.18, β- terpinolene, linalool, fenchol and lavandulol[29]. methyl-benzenepropanal 0.5, trans-carveol 0.1, nerol Analysis of oil of the aerial parts of Inula graveolens 0.4, carvol 0.09, vetiverol 0.08, piperitone 0.25, from Algerian origin, showed that the main nonanoic acid 0.14, 4-hydroxy-3-methyl constituents were: bornyl acetate [69.78%], borneol acetophenone 0.11, carvacrol 0.06, bornyl acetate [4.25%], caryphyllene oxide [5.7 %], 1[7]5 - 14.86, 1-5 [methyl-2-furanyl]-1-buten-3-one 0.13, ρ- menthadien-8-ol [2.10 %], chamigrene [2.9 %] and mentha-1[7],2-dien-8-ol 0.39, 2,4-decadienal 0.32, 1- the b selinene 0. 95%. However thirty compounds methylnaphtalene 0.04, hydragine 0.2, β- were isolated included [%]: camphre: 0.25, 1[7]5 - damascenone 0.4, caryophyllene 1.98, 6,10-dimethyl- mentha –diene-2-ol: 0.09, bornyle acetate: 69.78, P- 5,9-undecadien-2-one 0.34, 3,4-diethylphenol 7.5, β- cymene -8- ol: 0.98, 1[7]2 mentha diene 8 ol: 2.10, lonone 0.28, β-selinene 0.26, α-selinene 0.16, α- isoborneol: 0.10 borneol: 4.25, menth-1-ene-9-ol amorphene 0.4, 6,6-dimethyl-2-[2-[trimethylsilyl] acetate: 0.28, 4 -terpineol: 0.30, b-caryophyllene: ethyl cyclohex-2-enone 1.7, geranyl propionate 1.8, 0.50, benzoate de geranyle: 0.18, allo-4- geranyl butyrate 2.0, caryophyllene oxide 4.0, aromadendrene: 0.20, isogermacrène D: 0.15, cyercene 1.1, β-cubebene 7.1, α-cadinol 0.38, 5-epi- isobornyl-2-methylbutyrate: 0.15, neryl acetate: paradisiol 0.89, geranyl hexanoate 0.85, hexafarnesyl 0.34, ocimenone: 1.00, caryphyllene oxide: 5.7, acetone 2.5 and isovaleric acid 3-phenylpropyl ester occidentallo acetate: 0.78, nerolidol acetate: 0.38, a- 2.1[24]. chamigrene: 2.90, epicadinol: 1.68, a -eudesmol: 1.17, 4-methyl valerate de neryl: 0.39, nerolidol: 1,8-cineole [22.4%], borneol [20.4%] and a-cadinol 0.63, trans verbenol: 0.18, cis eudesm-6-ene- 12 al: [11.8%] were determined as the main compounds of 0.10, farnesyl acetate: 0.24, isobornyl isobutyrate: Inula graveolens from Turkey. However, thirty six 0.33, b -selinene: 0.95, and germacrene B: 0.67[32]. compounds were identified included [%]: 2-hexenal 0.4,a-pinene 2.3, benzaldehyde -, sabinene 1.2, b- The main constituent of the oil of Inula graveolens pinene 3.6, myrcene -, santolinatriene 0.2, a- from Iran were 1,8 cineole [54.89%], p-cymene phellandrene 0.4, a-thujene 0.3, p-cymene 3.5, [16.2%], β- pinene [6.94%] and borneol [5.44%]. limonene 0.5, camphene 4.6, 1,8-cineole 22.4, g- However twenty compounds were isolated included terpinene 0.6, benzene, 1- methyl - 2 0.2, terpinolene [%]: α-pinene 3.21, β-pinene 6.94, myrcene 0.2, α- -, linalool 0.3, trans-pinocarveole -, 훼-terpineol 1.5, phellandrene 0.89, p-cymene 16.2, 1,8-cineol 54.89, camphor 0.4, 2-cyclohexan-1-ol -, thymol methyl γ-terpinene 0.56, linalool 0.51, undecane 0.28, oxide 0.4, thymol 1.8, a-cubebene -, b-elemene 0.6, a- fenchol 0.37, trans-pinocarveol 1.69, pinocarvone copaene 0.4, b-bourbonene -, b-cubebene 0.1, b- 0.53, borneol 5.44, terpin-4-ol 1.37, α-terpineol 1.31, caryophyllene 1.9, a-humulene -, d-cadinene 0.6, g- myrtenol 0.35, dodecane 0.25, bornyl acetate 0.24, muurolene 1.3, bornylacetate 5.3, germacrene D -, b- tridecane 0.19, β-caryophyllene 1.58, α-humulene selinene 0.9, bicyclogermacrene -, b-caryophyllene 1.99 and α-muurolene 0.42[33]. On the other hand, 4.8, a-muurolene 0.4, spathulenol 1.6, Borneol 20.4, the chemical analysis of the essential oil of the caryophyllene oxide -, ledol 1.3, a-cadinol 11.8, b- flowering aerial parts of Dittrichia graveolens eudesmol 0.1, hexadecanoic acid -, pentadecanal 0.2, [whole aerial part at flowering stage] from Shoshtar nonadecane -, tricosane -, pentacosane 0.2 and suburb [Khozestan Province, Iran] revealed the hexacosane 0.4[34]. presence of sixty compounds . The major components were borneol [38.2%], bornyl acetate [14.86%] Thirty compounds were characterized in the essential followed by 3,4-diethyl phenol [7.5%], β-cubebene oil of the fresh aerial parts of Inula graveolens from [7.1%] and caryophyllene oxide [4.0%].