Model for Sustainable Urban Design With Expanded Sections on Distributed Energy Resources Prepared by: Sustainable Energy Planning Office Gas Technology Institute Prepared for: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Under Contract # 4000021368 GTI Project # 30803-23 / 88018 / 65952 Primary Authors: Una McGeough Doug Newman Jay Wrobel FEBRUARY 28, 2004 DISCLAIMER LEGAL NOTICE: This report was prepared by Gas Technology Institute (GTI) as an account of work sponsored by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Neither ORNL, GTI nor any person acting on behalf of either: a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned rights; or b. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for any and all damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................................................................III PURPOSE & CONTENT........................................................................................................................................... 1 I. URBAN SUSTAINABILITY – DEFINITION & CONTEXT ........................................................................ 1 DEFINITION............................................................................................................................................................. 1 CONTEXT – AMERICAN METROPOLITAN EVOLUTION............................................................................................. 2 CONTEXT – EMERGING TRENDS ............................................................................................................................. 5 II. RESOURCE CONSUMPTION, LAND USE & TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT ....................... 7 III. URBAN DESIGN – CHALLENGES & SOLUTIONS.................................................................................... 9 Land Use & Urban Sprawl ........................................................................................................................... 10 Population Growth & Decline ...................................................................................................................... 11 Unsustainable Energy Resources.................................................................................................................. 12 Transportation Congestion & Air Emissions................................................................................................ 12 Degradation of Surface, Ground & Potable Water Supplies.........................................................................13 Inadequate Economic Development ............................................................................................................. 13 Affordable Housing Supply.......................................................................................................................... 14 Insufficient Governance ............................................................................................................................... 14 Unsustainable Building Practices ................................................................................................................. 14 IV. TOWARD A MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN: PRINCIPLES & ELEMENTS.......... 15 PRINCIPLES FOR URBAN SUSTAINABILITY ............................................................................................................ 15 DESIGN PRINCIPLES.............................................................................................................................................. 15 UNIFIED DESIGN CONCEPT ................................................................................................................................... 16 DESIGN ELEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Natural Systems............................................................................................................................................ 17 Land Use Systems ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Mobility Systems.......................................................................................................................................... 20 Energy Systems ............................................................................................................................................ 20 Environmental Management Systems .......................................................................................................... 23 Building Systems.......................................................................................................................................... 24 Governance Systems..................................................................................................................................... 25 V. CASE STUDY: THE SAN DIEGO-TIJUANA BINATIONAL METROPOLITAN REGION................ 26 REGIONAL OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................... 27 Study Area.................................................................................................................................................... 27 Population Growth........................................................................................................................................ 28 Land Scarcity and Urban Sprawl.................................................................................................................. 29 Habitat and Species Loss.............................................................................................................................. 29 Traffic Congestion and Air Quality Degradation ......................................................................................... 30 Water Scarcity and Degradation................................................................................................................... 30 Energy Security ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Housing Affordability................................................................................................................................... 30 Solid Waste Disposal.................................................................................................................................... 31 Economic Disparity ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Fragmented Governance............................................................................................................................... 31 The Challenge Ahead ................................................................................................................................... 31 THE SAN DIEGO-TIJUANA METROPOLITAN REGION IN 2103................................................................................ 32 Vision of the Future: Spatial Design and Mobility....................................................................................... 32 Regional Urban Structure ............................................................................................................................. 33 Transportation System.................................................................................................................................. 34 Community of the Future: International Border Zone (IBZ)........................................................................37 International Border Zone Building Systems ............................................................................................... 39 iii Sustainable Energy System...........................................................................................................................40 Sustainable Water Supply and Wastewater Management.............................................................................43 The Obsolescence of Waste ..........................................................................................................................44 Economic Integration and Sustainable Development....................................................................................44 Sustainable Social and Governance Systems ................................................................................................46 Sustainable Environment ..............................................................................................................................47 EVOLUTIONARY ROAD MAP .................................................................................................................................47 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................47 Planning Period I, ca 2003 to ca 2036 ..........................................................................................................48 Planning Period