S. HRG. 112–70 AL QAEDA, THE TALIBAN, AND OTHER EXTREM- ISTS GROUPS IN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MAY 24, 2011 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 67–892 PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 18:44 Aug 19, 2011 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\HEARING FILES\112TH CONGRESS, 1ST\2011 ISSUE TEXT HEARINGS\052411-V.TXT COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts, Chairman BARBARA BOXER, California RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey BOB CORKER, Tennessee BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho ROBERT P. CASEY, JR., Pennsylvania MARCO RUBIO, Florida JIM WEBB, Virginia JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JIM DEMINT, South Carolina CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming TOM UDALL, New Mexico MIKE LEE, Utah FRANK G. LOWENSTEIN, Staff Director KENNETH A. MYERS, JR., Republican Staff Director (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 18:44 Aug 19, 2011 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\HEARING FILES\112TH CONGRESS, 1ST\2011 ISSUE TEXT HEARINGS\052411-V.TXT CONTENTS Page Bergen, Peter, director, National Security Studies Program, New America Foundation, Washington, DC .............................................................................. 5 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 7 Fair, C. Christine, Ph.D., assistant professor, Center for Peace and Security Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC ............................................ 22 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 24 Kerry, Hon. John F., U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, opening statement ..... 1 Lugar, Hon. Richard G., U.S. Senator from Indiana, opening statement ........... 3 Pillar, Paul, Ph.D., director of graduate studies and faculty member, Center for Peace and Security Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC .... 17 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 19 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 18:44 Aug 19, 2011 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\HEARING FILES\112TH CONGRESS, 1ST\2011 ISSUE TEXT HEARINGS\052411-V.TXT VerDate Nov 24 2008 18:44 Aug 19, 2011 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\HEARING FILES\112TH CONGRESS, 1ST\2011 ISSUE TEXT HEARINGS\052411-V.TXT AL QAEDA, THE TALIBAN, AND OTHER EX- TREMISTS GROUPS IN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN TUESDAY, MAY 24, 2011 U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, DC. The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:06 a.m., in room SD–419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. John F. Kerry (chairman of the committee) presiding. Present: Senators Kerry, Menendez, Cardin, Shaheen, Udall, and Lugar. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN F. KERRY, U.S. SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS The CHAIRMAN. This hearing will come to order. Good morning. I appreciate everybody being here. This is the fifth in a series of hearings on Afghanistan and Pakistan, and today we will examine perhaps one of the most important aspects of the war, which is the enemy: Who are they? What do they think? What are the possibili- ties of either dividing them or working with some components of them? Many, many questions surrounding the various forces that are at large in the western part of Pakistan and in Afghanistan itself. We’re a little bit under the gun today because we have the joint session with Prime Minister Netanyahu of Israel. We will have to end this hearing punctually in order to get over to the Senate and begin that session. So I ask each of the witnesses if you would sum- marize your testimony. Your complete statements will be placed in the record as if read in full, and that’ll give us more time to ask questions. In order to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat al-Qaeda and prevent Afghanistan from becoming a terrorist sanctuary, we clearly need to understand exactly who we’re fighting, what motivates them, what binds them together, and, most importantly, what could drive them apart. Today we’ll attempt to gain a deeper understanding of insurgent and extremists groups that inhabit the region and better understand the nature of this conflict. Osama bin Laden may have been at the center of it all, but his death does not signal the end of terrorism. Al-Qaeda still exists, motivated by the same vitriol and warped ideology that has always been the organization’s trademark. The Abbottabad raid, how- ever, did send an unmistakable message: The United States is (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 18:44 Aug 19, 2011 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 S:\HEARING FILES\112TH CONGRESS, 1ST\2011 ISSUE TEXT HEARINGS\052411-V.TXT 2 committed, capable, and unrelenting in its pursuit of those who seek to do us harm. The extent of bin Laden’s operational significance will become clear when we finish analyzing the material that was removed from his compound. But one aspect of his legacy is already appar- ent. Even after 9/11, he played a central role in motivating dis- parate groups to unite against the United States and other western nations. Nowhere is this phenomenon more apparent than in Afghanistan and Pakistan, where strong connections among extremists groups exist at both the organizational and individual levels. Terrorists and insurgents work together against coalition forces and to indis- criminately murder innocent civilians, aid workers, civil servants, and children. Their motivation, which should offend all faiths, is to destabilize the region and to establish a safe haven where they can, and plot attacks against the United States and our allies. People ask why we are still in Afghanistan. This is the reason. Al-Qaeda and the Taliban are names well known to Americans. But other groups are actively plotting, actively killing, every day. The Haqqani network has expanded its reach beyond North Waziristan in Pakistan and provides sanctuary to al-Qaeda and the Afghan Taliban. The Tehrik-i-Taliban, otherwise known as the Pakistani Taliban, and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi systematically work to undermine the Government of Pakistan. Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed continue to launch attacks that risk sparking war between nuclear-armed India and Pakistan. So I’d like to take 1 minute, if I can, to highlight the threat posed by Lashkar-e-Taiba. This group, responsible for the vicious Mumbai attacks of 2008, is capable of not only destabilizing the region with another attack against India, but through its extensive alumni organization and network of training camps throughout Pakistan it could threaten the United States homeland. We also face threats from individuals seeking to fulfill their own personal objectives. Najibullah Zazi, a legal United States resident born in Afghanistan, conspired to bomb New York City’s subway system in 2009 after he received training in Pakistan. Faisal Shahzad, who attempted to detonate a car bomb last year in Time Square, was linked to the Pakistan Taliban. Unfortunately, these are just two examples of a new generation of would-be terrorists who have grown up in the shadow of extrem- ist militancy. These lone wolves are as potentially dangerous as any one organization. Even though these groups and individuals have overlapping interests, fissures do exist among them. They’re separated by ideologies, nationalities, and tribal or sectarian backgrounds. Our focus now ought to be less on who will succeed bin Laden and more on how to exploit those fissures and dismantle the networks that he spawned. So this is a critical moment in the war in Afghanistan. Our secu- rity gains in the south—and they are real—coupled with bin Laden’s death, have, at least in my judgment and certainly in the judgment of the people I talked with in Afghanistan last weekend, have created some political space. So it’s important that we seize that opportunity. VerDate Nov 24 2008 18:44 Aug 19, 2011 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 S:\HEARING FILES\112TH CONGRESS, 1ST\2011 ISSUE TEXT HEARINGS\052411-V.TXT 3 Middle- and low-level Taliban fighters, many of them want to come in from the battlefield. We need to work with the Afghan Government in order to make sure that those who wish to lay down their arms can in fact do so, and as reconcilable elements of the insurgency enter into the peace process—and I think it’s possible for some of them to do that—we need to ensure that Afghans are able to avert both Taliban rule and a return to civil war. That is a delicate balancing act. Of course, we can’t forget the impact that Pakistan has on the future of Afghanistan. I’ve many times said that Pakistan is the key to diminishing the insurgency in Afghanistan itself. What hap- pens in Pakistan may do more to determine the rate at which American troops can withdraw, the rate at which the Afghan troops can stand up, and the degree to which governance can be improved in Afghanistan. We also need to remember that terrorists and insurgents are con- tinuing to exploit the 1,200-mile porous border that separates the two countries. And we will have to work very closely with Pakistan in order to deal with the problem of the sanctuaries as purveyors of violence in both nations. The good news here is that there is common ground between the vital national interests of Pakistan and the United States, even at the same time as there are some divergent interests.