Istituto Affari Internazionali SSppaaccee aanndd SSeeccuurriittyy PPoolliiccyy iinn EEuurrooppee ROME, NOVEMBER 2003 RESEARCH TEAM Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), Roma, coordinator European Union Institute for Security Studies (EU-ISS), Paris Centre for European Reform (CER), London Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik (DGAP), Berlin Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique (FRS), Paris Institut d’Etudes Européennes (IEE) of the University of Louvain RESEARCH GROUP Klaus Becher (EU-ISS, Paris) Jean-Pierre Darnis (IAI, Rome) Giovanni Gasparini (IAI, Rome) Daniel Keohane (CER, London) Michel Liégeois (ULV, Institut d’Etudes Européennes, CECRI, Louvain) Michele Nones (IAI, Rome) Xavier Pasco (FRS, Paris) Niklas Reinke (DGAP, Berlin) Henning Riecke (DGAP, Berlin) Burkard Schmitt (EU-ISS, Paris) Stefano Silvestri (IAI, Rome) Isabelle Sourbes-Verger (FRS-CNRS, Paris) Jost Vielhaber (DGAP, Berlin) CONTRIBUTIONS Angela Garrigos de la Uz Mike Winnerstig (FOI, Stockholm) A Study funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) Esa Technical Officier: Simonetta Cheli SPACE AND SECURITY POLICY IN EUROPE IAI Research Index Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 7 1 For a new concept of space security in Europe.............................................................................11 A dual approach : National defence space assets, European civilian space policy..............................12 1.2 A broader concept of space security. Internal and external security ............................................12 ESDP and space, some decisive steps? ..........................................................................................13 The strategic value of European space security. ..............................................................................15 2 Aspects of inter-governmental cooperation in Europe ..................................................................17 2.1 General approach....................................................................................................................17 2.2 Existing institutions for European space cooperation.................................................................18 European Space Agency (ESA), a federative body in builiding European space capability ................18 European Union, new actor in building a European space policy .....................................................21 The first example of a EU-ESA co-management program : Galileo .................................................21 The first European “enlarged security” initiative: GMES ................................................................22 Military experience, the WEU heritage in the EU...........................................................................23 General position of the EU respective to international cooperation in space......................................24 Government-to-government cooperation........................................................................................24 Earth Observation ........................................................................................................................24 Future fields of military cooperation: Telecom, Early Warning .......................................................26 Financial Aspects.........................................................................................................................27 2.3 European military space: changing framework of reference .......................................................28 Overview.....................................................................................................................................28 Re-thinking political and military sovereignty ................................................................................28 Schemes for possible co-operation: multiplicity, complexity ...........................................................29 annexe.........................................................................................................................................30 3 European Institutions and Space Policy for Security and Defence .................................................31 3.1 The EU as the Hub of European Security Policy .......................................................................33 3.3 ESA as a Dual-Use Space Agency...........................................................................................37 3.3 Other Aspects of Institutional Development .............................................................................38 4 Space and security in Europe: a crossroad between polic y and industry.........................................41 4.1 Supply – Demand interaction...................................................................................................41 The demand side ..........................................................................................................................41 The supply side ............................................................................................................................42 Lessons learned from a Europe-America comparison......................................................................42 4.2 Analysis by sectors.................................................................................................................43 Access to Space ...........................................................................................................................43 Communications (SATCOM) .......................................................................................................44 Observation, data collection ..........................................................................................................44 Navigation, Positioning, Timing (GNSS) .......................................................................................45 Space weapons programs ..............................................................................................................46 4.3 Prospective of European integration .........................................................................................46 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................51 APPENDIX : NATIONAL ANALYSIS........................................................................................59 Belgium ......................................................................................................................................61 Structure and Decision-making process .........................................................................................61 © Istituto Affari Internazionali 3 SPACE AND SECURITY POLICY IN EUROPE IAI Research Political level...............................................................................................................................61 Generalities .................................................................................................................................61 Space policy ................................................................................................................................61 Overall Space Policy …………………………………………………………………………………..65 Military level...............................................................................................................................62 Military space strategy..................................................................................................................66 Industrial Assets...........................................................................................................................67 Considerations .............................................................................................................................68 France.........................................................................................................................................69 Presentation of the main actors......................................................................................................69 Decision making process ..............................................................................................................70 Ministries ....................................................................................................................................71 French specificities in relation with the development of military space ............................................72 The issue of the military requirements, structure and budget ...........................................................72 Issue of operational requirements ..................................................................................................72 Budget issues...............................................................................................................................73 An increasing role for the dual technologies...................................................................................73 An example of a possible synergy .................................................................................................73 A perspective that may suit the military needs................................................................................74 The National-European level relationship issue ..............................................................................74 A narrow path..............................................................................................................................74