National Aeronautics and Space Administration Meteors and Meteorites www.nasa.gov “Shooting stars,” or meteors, are bits of interplanetary material is melted by friction as it passes through the atmosphere. There 1478 B.C. — First recorded observation of meteors. falling through Earth’s atmosphere and heated to incandescence are three major types of meteorites: the “irons,” the “stones,” 1794 A.D. — Ernst Friedrick Chladni publishes the first book on by friction. These objects are called meteoroids as they are hur- and the “stony-irons.” Although the majority of meteorites that meteorites. tling through space, becoming meteors for the few seconds they fall to Earth are stony, more of the meteorites that are discovered 1908 (Tunguska), 1947 (Sikote Alin), 1969 (Allende and Murchi- streak across the sky and create glowing trails. long after they fall are “irons” — these heavy objects are easier son), 1976 (Jilin) — Important 20th-century meteorite falls. to distinguish from Earth rocks than stony meteorites. Meteorites 1969 — Discovery of meteorites in a small area of Antarctica Several meteors per hour can usually be seen on any given also fall on other solar system bodies. Mars Exploration Rover leads to annual expeditions by U.S. and Japanese teams. night. Sometimes the number increases dramatically — these Opportunity found the first meteorite of any type on another 1982–1983 — Meteorites from the Moon and Mars are identified events are termed meteor showers. Some occur annually or at planet when it discovered an iron–nickel meteorite on Mars in in Antarctic collections. regular intervals as the Earth passes through the trail of dusty 2005, and then found a much larger and heavier iron–nickel 1996 — A team of NASA scientists suggests that martian mete- debris left by a comet. Meteor showers are usually named after meteorite in 2009 in the same region, Meridiani Planum. orite ALH84001 may contain evidence of microfossils from Mars, a star or constellation that is close to where the meteors appear a still-controversial claim. in the sky. Perhaps the most famous are the Perseids, which More than 50,000 meteorites have been found on Earth. Of 2005 — NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity finds a peak around August 12 every year. Every Perseid meteor is a tiny these, 99.8 percent are thought to come from asteroids. Evi- basketball-size iron–nickel meteorite on Mars. piece of the comet Swift–Tuttle, which swings by the Sun every dence for an asteroid origin includes orbits calculated from 2009 — Opportunity finds another, much larger and heavier, 135 years. Other meteor showers and their associated comets photographic observations of meteorite falls project back to the iron–nickel meteorite, estimated to be 10 times as massive as are the Leonids (Tempel–Tuttle), the Aquarids and Orionids (Hal- asteroid belt; spectra of several classes of meteorites match the first meteorite the rover discovered. ley), and the Taurids (Encke). Most comet dust in meteor show- those of some asteroid classes; and all but the rare lunar and ers burns up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground; martian meteorites are very old, 4.5 to 4.6 billion years. However, ABOUT THE IMAGES some dust is captured by high-altitude aircraft and analyzed in we can only match one group of meteorites to a specific aster- NASA laboratories. oid. The eucrite, diogenite, and howardite igneous meteorites 1 2 3 1 The meteorite come from the third-largest asteroid, Vesta. Asteroids and the found on Mars by Chunks of rock and metal from asteroids and other planetary meteorites that fall to Earth are not pieces of a planet that broke 4 Opportunity rover in bodies that survive their journey through the atmosphere and apart, but instead are the original diverse materials from which 2005. fall to the ground are called meteorites. Most meteorites found 5 6 the planets formed. The study of meteorites tells us much about 2 This brilliant on Earth are pebble to fist size, but some are larger than a build- the conditions and processes during the formation and earliest burst of meteors was ing. Early Earth experienced many large meteorite impacts that 7 8 history of the solar system. photographed by caused extensive destruction. scientists at NASA Ames Research Center in 1995. The remaining 0.2 percent of meteorites is split roughly equally One of the most intact impact craters is the Barringer Meteorite between meteorites from Mars and the Moon. The over 45 3 The glassy black patches in this martian meteorite contain Crater in Arizona, about 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) across. It is only known martian meteorites were blasted off Mars by meteoroid atmospheric gases that help point to a Mars origin. 50,000 years old and so well preserved that it has been used to impacts. All are igneous rocks crystallized from magma. The 4 The Barringer Meteorite Crater in Arizona. study impact processes. Since this feature was recognized as an rocks are very much like Earth rocks with some distinctive com- impact crater in the 1920s, about 170 impact craters have been 5 A stony meteorite found in Antarctica. positions that indicate martian origin. The more than 45 lunar identified on Earth. meteorites are similar in mineralogy and composition to Apollo 6 A scientist working in the Meteorite Processing Laboratory A very large asteroid impact 65 million years ago, which created mission Moon rocks, but distinct enough to show that they have at NASA Johnson Space Center. the 300-kilometer-wide (180-mile-wide) Chicxulub crater on the come from other parts of the Moon. Studies of lunar and martian 7 An iron meteorite from the Barringer Meteorite Crater. meteorites complement studies of Apollo Moon rocks and the Yucatán Peninsula, is thought to have contributed to the extinc- 8 A lunar meteorite found in Antarctica similar in composition robotic exploration of Mars. tion of about 75 percent of marine and land animals on Earth at to lunar rocks brought back by Apollo astronauts. The black the time, including the dinosaurs. cube is a scale cube, often used in photographs of objects to SIGNIFICANT DATES Well-documented stories of meteorite-caused injury or death indicate size and orientation. 4.55 billion years ago — Formation age of most meteorites, are rare, but in November 1954, Ann Hodges of Sylacauga, Ala- taken to be the age of the solar system. FOR MORE INFORMATION bama, was severely bruised by a 3.6-kilogram (8-pound) stony 65 million years ago — Chicxulub impact that leads to the death meteorite that crashed through her roof. solarsystem.nasa.gov/meteors of 75 percent of the animals on Earth, including the dinosaurs. Meteorites may resemble Earth rocks, but they usually have a 50,000 years — Age of Barringer Meteorite Crater in Arizona. “burned” exterior. This fusion crust is formed as the meteorite LG-2009-09-571-HQ — JPL 400-1344J 09/09.