CABI Ref.: FR/CABI-PK/DR60007/1109 CABI South Asia Opposite 1-A, Satellite Town, Data Gunj Bakhsh Road Rawalpindi. Tele: 051-9290132, 9290332: Fax: 051-9290131 E-mail: [email protected] Kinnow Value Chain Knowledge gaps and ICT prevalence in the chain December, 2008 KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... 1 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 4 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 6 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 8 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 9 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 13 2. Research Methodology ..................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Profile of farmers / citrus Growers ................................................................................ 15 2.2 Profile of the Contractors ....................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Processors and Exporters ...................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Profile of the Extension Workers ............................................................................................ 19 3. Importance of Citrus Fruits ................................................................................................ 20 4. Profile of Citrus Industry in Pakistan.................................................................................. 21 4.1 History of Citrus in Pakistan ................................................................................................... 21 4.2 Areas where citrus is grown? ................................................................................................. 21 4.3 Citrus Production ................................................................................................................... 22 4.4 Yield of Citrus ......................................................................................................................... 24 4.5 Kinnow Value Chain ............................................................................................................... 25 5. Citrus Production System .................................................................................................. 27 5.1 Climatic requirements and actual temperature ....................................................................... 27 5.2 Time of plantation: ................................................................................................................. 27 5.3 Size of farms and economies of scale .................................................................................... 27 5.4 Orchard layout ....................................................................................................................... 28 5.5 Genetics of the Kinnow .......................................................................................................... 29 5.6 Nurseries ............................................................................................................................... 30 5.7 Fertility Management .............................................................................................................. 32 5.8 Plant Protection Measures ..................................................................................................... 35 5.9 Irrigation Management Practices ............................................................................................ 40 5.10 Intercropping Practices ..................................................................................................... 41 5.11 Trimming and Pruning of Orchard ..................................................................................... 41 6. Quality Management ......................................................................................................... 43 6.1 Citrus Growers ....................................................................................................................... 43 6.2 Views of Contractors on Quality ............................................................................................. 44 7. Sale of Harvesting Rights of Orchards .............................................................................. 45 7.1 Incidence of Sale of harvesting Rights ................................................................................... 45 7.2 Time of Contracting ................................................................................................................ 45 7.3 Contract Conditions................................................................................................................ 46 7.4 Reasons for selling harvesting rights...................................................................................... 47 7.5 Price of the selling harvesting rights ....................................................................................... 47 8. Fruit Harvesting ................................................................................................................. 49 8.1 Picking season ....................................................................................................................... 49 8.2 Harvesting Practices .............................................................................................................. 50 8.3 Grading and Packing material ................................................................................................ 51 8.4 Why does the price remain low? ............................................................................................ 51 8.5 How can the price of Kinnow be improved? ........................................................................... 51 8.6 Magnitude of Post-harvest losses .......................................................................................... 52 9. Marketing .......................................................................................................................... 53 9.1 Local Markets ......................................................................................................................... 53 9.2 Marketing Infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 53 9.3 Role of Contractors ................................................................................................................ 54 9.4 Role of middlemen ................................................................................................................. 54 10. Learning and Development ............................................................................................... 55 10.1 Citrus Growers .................................................................................................................. 55 2 10.2 Contractors ....................................................................................................................... 58 10.3 Record keeping ................................................................................................................. 58 10.4 Training needs of Contractors ........................................................................................... 58 11. Extension System ............................................................................................................. 59 11.1 Profile of Respondents from Extension Department .......................................................... 59 11.2 Access to transport facilities .............................................................................................. 65 11.3 Citrus Growers’ visits with Extension Workers .................................................................. 65 11.4 Do the farmers act upon the advice of the Extension Workers? ........................................ 66 11.5 Effectiveness of extension services................................................................................... 67 11.6 What is the yield potential of citrus orchards? ................................................................... 68 11.7 What are issues and problems responsible for low yield of citrus? .................................... 68 11.8 Suggestions for increasing citrus yield .............................................................................. 70 11.9 What are issues and problems responsible for low quality of citrus? ................................. 72 11.10 Suggestion for improvement in quality of Kinnow .............................................................. 72 11.11 Problems and issues of Extension Department ................................................................. 73 11.12 Suggestion for improvement in performance of the extension services ............................