INDONESIA BOBLME NATIONAL REPORT JAKARTA, NOVEMBER, 2003 DR. IR. SRI HARTININGSIH PURNOMOHADI, MS NATIONAL CONSULTANT JL. RIDWAN III / 71 PATAL SENAYAN JAKARTA SELATAN 12210 Telp. ( 62-21 ) 57992743 / 57992691 Fax. ( 62-21 ) 5737230 Mobile : 08161340974 E m a i l : [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) National Report was compiled and arranged based on desk studies, secondary data and field surveys. It is also completed with important inputs from several stakeholders in four provinces of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, North Sumatra, Riau and West Sumatra. I would like to express my greatest sincere gratitude to: 1. The Directorate of Fisheries Resource officials and staffs, particularly to Mr Parlin Tambunan and Ms. Ratnawati, The Directorate General of Capture Fisheries, Ministry for Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF). 2. Dr. Philomene A. Verlaan, and staffs of FAO-BOBLME Regional Coordinator. 3. Dr. Tsukasa Kimoto, Dr. Beni H. Sormin, Ms. Meny, Ms. Rietje, Ms. Oemi, Ms. Vera Syam, the FAO Representative Indonesia 4. Dr. Chua Thia-Eng, Regional Program Manager GEF/UNDP/IMO for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas 5. Dr. Maurice Knight, from The Natural Resources Management Program 6. Mr. Firial Maharudin, MSc, and Mr. Soewarno, Head and Vice Head of MMAF Regional Office, West Sumatra Province. And to their generous officials and staffs, namely: Mr. Yusfardjaja Sirath, and Ms. Desnelita. 7. Mr. Azwar Ma’aroef, Mr. Joko Supraptomo, Mrs. Wilda, from Padang Bungus National Fish Port, West Sumatra Province 8. Mr. Erdi Janur, Mr. Darma Swardi, cs of The Environmental Impact Management Regional Office (BAPEDAL) of West Sumatra province 9. Mr. Yempita Effendi, MSc, Mr. Suardi, ML, from The Research Center of Bung Hatta University in West Sumatra 10. Mr. Elizal, M.Sc and Mr. Ferry Elwind, of Riau University and BAPPEDA (Planning Board Regional Office), Staff of BAPPEDA Riau Province, 11. Minang Bahari Foundation and Staffs, in Padang, West Sumatra i 12. Prof. Dr. Tengku Dahril, MSc, Head of MMAF Regional Office and Staffs, Riau Province 13. Mr. Ridwan Batubara, Head of MMAF Regional Office and Staffs, North Sumatra Province 14. Mr. Anton K, Mr. Rudy, Belawan National Fishing Port and Staffs, Medan, North Sumatra 15. Mr. Azwin Ayub, Head of MMAF Office and Staffs, Regency of Karimun 16. My personal assistant, Ms. Meilina Wijayanti, and all Arc Studio Crews Due to the unexpected problems occurred at the last days of the writing completion, herewith I would like to have your favorable considerations regarding this national report as a draft to be revised further with important views and input On this specific occasion, allow me to convey my deepest condolence on the greatest lost, of the late Mr. Suharyadi Salim, MSc, Director for Fisheries Resource. He was the one who brought me to the depth of ‘fisheries world’, as an important part to specifically meet the needs of another protein nutrient input, to improve the welfare of most Indonesian island people, further will significantly contribute to human mankind. Hopefully, this document could make a great contribution to the establishment of Large Marine Ecosystems (LME’s) sustainability, particularly in the Indonesian portion of The Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME). Jakarta, November, 2003 National Consultant, Dr. Ir. Sri Hartiningsih Purnomohadi, MS. ii INDONESIA BOBLME NATIONAL REPORT BAY OF BENGAL LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM (BOBLME) ‘COVERS PART OF THE INDIAN OCEAN AND THE STRAITS OF MALACCA AS INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILES’ Table of Content ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENT iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii ABBREVIATIONS viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Aim of the National Report 1 1.2. Large Marine Ecosystem 3 2. INDONESIAN MARINE ECOSYSTEM INTERACT TO BOB-P 5 2.1. Geographical Location and Boundary 5 2.2. Extension Area of Indonesian BOB-P 6 2.3. Oceanographic Condition 7 3. NATURAL RESOURCES EXPLOITATION, UTILIZATION AND 10 THREATS 3.1. The Status of Living Marine Resources: Fishery Sector 10 (1) Marine capture fisheries 10 (2) Brackish water and Mari-culture 14 (3) Socio-economic Contribution 17 3.2. Mangrove 18 (1) Status of Resources Exploitation 18 (2) Mangrove Management Practices, Policies and Strategies 19 3.3. Coral Reefs and Sea-grass Beds 22 (1) Economic Values and Uses 22 (2) Ecological Value of Coral Reef and Sea-grass Bed Resources 22 iii 4. SPECIFIC FACTS CME RECORDED TO DISTINGUISH EAST AND WEST SUMATRA 24 4.1. The Indonesian BOB-P Field Survey Report and Its Marine Ecosystem 25 (1) North Sumatra 25 (2) Riau 27 (3) West Sumatra 38 4.2. Straits of Malacca (North-Eastern Sumatra) and Singapore, 47 Linking to the Andaman Sea and the BOBLME Impacts. (1) Maritime Trade and Development in The Strait of Malacca 47 (2) The Strait Usage, as Transport Channel by The Littoral States 48 (3) Development and Exploitation of Oil and Gas Resources in The Straits 48 5. POLLUTION FROM LAND AND SEA-BASED SOURCES AND THE IMPACT TO THE CME ECOSYSTEM 50 5.1. Waste Source and Loading 50 5.2. Waste Management Facilities Services 52 5.3. Sea Based Sources of Marine Pollution 53 5.4. Impact of Human Activities on the CME 54 6. LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON RESOURCE PROTECTION OF INDONESIA CME 59 6.1 Coastal Pollution Regulation 59 6.2. Local Wisdom on Marine and Coastal Management 61 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE INDONESIAN BOB-P 68 REFERENCES 70 iv LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1. Distribution of Water Temperature (º C), Salinity (psu), Turbidity (ntu) and Light Transmission (%) in the Malacca Straits, September 2001. Table 3.1. Marine Fishery Resources in the Malacca straits (Martosubroto et al., 1992 cited in Chua 1997) Table 3.2. Number of Marine Fishermen by Size of Category Fishermen and Province Table 3.3. Data of Fisheries in the East Coast Provinces of NAD, North Sumatra and Riau, 1990-1993 (Chua, 1997) Table 3.4. Area, Annual Production and Productivity of Brackish Water Shrimp culture in NAD, North Sumatra and Riau (1996-2000) Table 3.5. List of Potential Species for Brackish Water Ponds in North Sumatra (Chua, 1997) Table 3.6. Biota with Mari-culture Potential (Direktorat Bina Sumber Hayati, 1991 cited in Chua 1997) Table 3.7. Potential Area for Development and Potential Production of Mari-culture along the East Coast of Sumatra in Malacca Straits (Chua, 1997) Table 3.8. Total Area of Mangrove in Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau and West Sumatra Table 3.9. Rehabilitation of Mangrove Ecosystem in BOB-P Area Table 4.1. Potency of MSY Western Coast of North Sumatra Province (Ton/year) Table 4.2. Fish Production in Each Regency/City of West Coast (Indian Ocean), North Sumatra Table 4.3. Number of Pelagic Fish Production Table 4.4. Fishing Vessels in Each Regency/City in Western Coast (Indian Ocean), North Sumatra Table 4.5. Type of Fishing Gear Used in West Coast Waters of North Sumatra (Indian Ocean) Table 4.6. Percentage Value of Life Coral Reef Covers (%) in Each Observation Station in Karang Island Waters Table 4.7. Vision, Mission and Strategy of Fisheries and Marine Sector in Riau Province v Table 4.8. Potential Resources of Fisheries and Marine Sector in Riau Province Table 4.9. Number of Fishery Fleet Based on GT in Karimun Regency, 2001 Table 4.10. Fishing Vessels in Each District of Karimun in 2000 Table 4.11. Number of Fishermen Household Industry Karimun Regency in 2001 Table 4.12. Number of Fishing Gears in Riau Archipelago Regency Based on Types and District 2000 Table 4.13. Type, Number and Operation Area of Fishing Gears in Batam1998 Table 4.14. Number of Motorized Boat by Fishing Gear in West Sumatra Province, 2001 Table 4.15. Productions and Productivity Table 4.16. Number of Fishermen based on Fishing Gears Table 4.17. Location, Wide, Destruction Rate of Mangrove Forest and Prediction of the Decrease of Marine Fishery Production in West Sumatra Table 4.18. Sea Grass Beds Potency in coastal area of Pasaman Regency Table 4.19. Distribution of Coral Reefs Cover (%) in some Islands of West Sumatra, 2001 Table 5.1. Major Industries of Indonesia and Their Potential Impact (Dahuri and Pahlevi, 1994; Science System Consultants, 1994 in Chua, et. al, 1997). Table 5.2. Water Quality and National Environmental Standards for the Straits of Malacca (Rozak et al., 1984, as cited by Dahuri and Pahlevi, 1994 and cited in Chua, 1997) vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Number of Fish Biodiversity Species by FAO Area Figure 2.1. Map of ‘northern’ Sumatra (covering four provinces, portion of BOBLME Program) Figure 2.2. Surface currents in February (Wyrtki, 1961). Figure 2.3. Surface currents in August (Wyrtki, 1961). Figure 3.1. Number of Full-Time Fishermen from Aceh, North Sumatra and Riau Figure 3.2. Fish Production from Aceh, North Sumatra and Riau 1992-1995 Figure 3.3. Distribution of Mangroves in Indonesia Figure 4.1. Nipa Island Figure 4.2. Riau Province Figure 4.3. Sea Sand Mining in Tanjung Balai Karimun waters, Riau Archipelago Regency Figure 4.4. Coral reefs sold along the Bayur Bay Figure 4.5. Bungus Fish Port, West Sumatra Figure 4.6. Troll Fish Boat along the Muara River vii ABBREVIATIONS BAPPENAS : Badan Perencanaan Nasional (National Development Planning Agency) BOB-P : Bay of Bengal - Programme BOD : Biological Oxygen Demand CBM : Community Based Management COREMAP : Coral Reefs Rehabilitation and Management Project CPUE : Catch Per Unit Efforts DGCF : Directorate General of Capture Fisheries DGF : Directorate General of Fisheries Dishidros AL : Dinas Hidrologi dan Oseanoografi