RitsumeikanJournalofAsiaPacificStudies Volume31,November2012 Review :Japan'swildlifemanagement:actorsandpolicies YaeSano…..…………………………………………..………………..…..……..………….…….. 1 Originalresearch :PatientsatisfactionandservicequalityperceptionatdistricthospitalsinMongolia OdgerelChimed-Ochir……..…..………..…..…………..………….…..…..…….……….……..… 14 Originalresearch :Impactofforeigndirectinvestment,tradeopenness,domesticdemandand exchangerateonexportperformanceinBangladesh BishnuKumarAdhikary………………………………………..………………………………...… 25 Historicalperspective :Japan’sinvolvementinthepromotionofMongolnationalismthrough Buddhism1918-1939 BataaMishigish….………..………..…..………..….……………...............…………...………….. 39 Commentary :Biophiliaforhappinessandenvironmentalethics YokoKatsui&NaderGhotbi.…..…..………..…..………………..…………………....………….. 51 Review :TheimpactofclimatechangeonthefashionindustryinKorea MiYoungSon....….…..………..…..………..…..………..……………………….…………….….. 56 Review :PolicyresponsesbyJapanandtheEuropeanUniontothenewsecuritychallengesinthe21st century EmíliaFábián…...………..……..…..………..…..………..……..……………………..…….…….. 66 Review :AninternationalcomparativestudyontheregulationpolicyofasbestosusageinChina XuepengQian,WeishengZhou&KenichiNakagami……………………………….…….…...….. 81 Originalresearch :DefiningThaiproductqualityinthe21stcentury PajareeAckaradejruangsri..……..…..………..…..………..……..…………….………….……….. 90 Originalresearch :Measurementoftechnologicalprogressthroughanalysisoflearningrates;thecase ofthemanufacturingindustryinMexico BehroozAsgari&JoseLuisGonzalezCortez…….………………….………………….…......….. 101 Review :Theshiftfromnegativepacifismtopositivepacifism;Japan’scontributiontopeacekeepingin Cambodia DaisukeAkimoto……...……..…..………..…..………..……..………………………….….…….. 120 i The RitsumeikanJournalof Asia PacificStudies ispublishedbytheRitsumeikanCenterforAsiaPacific Studies(RCAPS)at: RitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversity(APU),1-1Jumonjibaru,Beppu,Oita874-8577,Japan Telephone:(+81)977-78-1134;Fax:(+81)977-78-1135 E-mailaddress:[email protected] DirectorofRCAPS;ChiefEditor NaderGhotbi DeputyDirectorofRCAPS;EditorforJapanese-languagearticles YukaIshii EditorialAssistants HirokiOshiro JunTau SteveThenell ©RitsumeikanCenterforAsiaPacificStudiesandtheAuthors2012 ii ListofEditorialBoardMembers Ithasbeenourgoaltoimproveandenhancethequalityofthearticlespublishedinthe RitsumeikanJournal ofAsiaPacificStudies ,andprobablynothingplayssuchanimportantroleindoingsoasreviewsprovided bypeerreviewersinarelatedfieldofstudywhoareactiveresearchersinthefieldthemselves.Eacharticlein thisissuewasreviewedbyatleastonereviewerbeforeitwasfinallyapprovedforpublication.Somearticles were reviewed by two reviewers, and for one article three reviewers were consulted. We would like to formallythankthereviewersandletthemknowhowmuchweappreciatethehelpandassistancewehave received through their constructive reviews and suggestions to the editor, which were transmitted to the correspondingauthorand/ordirectlyfollowedbytheeditorialteam. Thefollowingacademicianshelpedreviewthemanuscriptssubmittedtothisissueofthe Ritsumeikan JournalofAsiaPacificStudies ,andarelistedhereinalphabeticalorderbygivenname: AlastairS.Macdonald,Professor,GlasgowSchoolofArt BehroozAsgari,AssociateProfessor,RitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversity EdgarA.Porter,Professor,RitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversity HidekiFuchinoue,AssociateProfessor,RitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversity KenArii,AssociateProfessor,RitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversity NaderGhotbi,Professor,RitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversity StevenB.Rothman,AssociateProfessor,RitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversity Therearesomeacademicsubjectsthatmaybebetterunderstoodorrelatedtointhecontextofthenative language shared by both the author and the intended audience. APU, being located in Japan and as a bilingual university, cannot ignore the significance of some articles written in Japanese. However, no Japanesemanuscriptwassubmittedtousforpossiblepublicationforthisissueofthejournal.Despitethat, wewouldliketoremindourreadersthatwewelcomealimitednumberofJapanesepapers.Suchpapers shouldhavecomprehensiveabstractswritteninEnglish,andwillbereviewedbyaJapanesereviewerinthe fieldandoureditorofJapanesemanuscripts. iii Editor’sNote The31 st volumeofthe RitsumeikanJournalofAsiaPacificStudies isbeingpublishedwithafewchangesto improvebothitsacademicqualityanditsappearance.Therehasbeenanattempttoredefinethemissionof thejournalasaplatformtopublishacademicpapersoverissuesrelatedtotheAsiaPacificregion,including thepeoples,societiesandcultures,theenvironment,aswellasbusinessandtrade,economicgrowthand development, politics and peace studies, and other academic areasrelatedtoAsia Pacific. We have also recognizedthein-houseneedforapeer-reviewedjournalatRitsumeikanAsiaPacificUniversity(APU)to supporttheacademicdevelopmentofourgraduatestudentsandotheraffiliatedresearchers.Althoughwedid notfollowthestrictpolicyofapeer-reviewedjournal,eachandeverypaperhasbeenscrutinizedbyatleast oneacademicianwithareasonablerecordofresearchintherelatedfieldofstudy;somearticlesneededtobe reviewedbymorethanonereviewer,andthesuggestionsweretransmittedtotheauthorandfolloweduntil theywereimplemented. Another change was to provide a classification for the types of articles that were approved for publication.Thisisawell-recognizedconceptinresearchpublicationswhichemphasizesthemethodology andmaterialusedforresearch;originalresearchthroughprimarydata,versusreviewofotherresearchers’ works and through secondary data, is one example. In this issue we have marked each of the accepted articlesaseither“OriginalResearch”,“Review”,“HistoricalPerspective”,or“Commentary”.However,the orderofappearanceofthearticlesisbasedonthedatestheywereapprovedforpublication.Thisisbecause weuploadanonlinecopyofeachacceptedpaperontoourwebsiteassoonasitisapprovedandpreparedfor publication.Thereareelevenpapersinthisissueofthe31 st volume,withfourpapersrecognizedasoriginal research,fivepapersrecognizedasreview,oneasahistoricalperspective,andoneasacommentary.Asfor thesubjects,threepapersareabouttheenvironment,fourpapersarerelatedtobusinessandeconomics,three papers are in the field of politics and/or international relations, and one is in the area of public health management.Wehopethatwecanofferanevenwiderrangeofsubjectsinthecomingissues,andtodothis werelyonyourcontributionsandnetworks. Therefore, I would like to invite more researchers, faculty members and graduate students with an interestintheAsiaPacific,atRitsumeikanAPUaswellasotherschoolsinandoutsideJapan,tocontribute tous.Youcansubmityouroriginalmanuscriptforpossiblepublication,orvolunteertoassistasareviewer, orsimplyprovideuswithyourconstructiveopinionsandsuggestionshowtoimprovethequalityofthis journal.Ouraimistoservealargerandwidercommunityofacademicreadersofresearcharticlesaboutthe AsiaPacificregion,soyoucanevensimplypromoteandrecommendthisjournaltoyourpeers,colleagues andfriends.Thankyou! NaderGhotbi ChiefEditor iv v Review: Japan'swildlifemanagement:actorsandpolicies YaeSano 1 Abstract JapanesepoliticalactorsfacedifficultchallengesinthemanagementofwildlifeinJapan.Therearevariousinterest groupswhoinfluencewildlifemanagement,andevidencesuggeststhatinmanycasesagriculturalinterestsratherthan environmentalintereststendtodominatethepolicymakingprocess.Astrongpolicybiasinfavoroftheinterestsof farmershasresultedintheadoptionofsuboptimalconservationpolicies.Althoughsomecitizen groupsinfavorof natureconservationaregraduallyexertingsomeinfluenceoverthesepolicies,theyarenotunified.Thissituationhas leftpoliticianswithratherweakincentivestoincreasetheirenvironmentalcredentials,whileincentivestosupportthe demandsoftheagriculturallobbyremainstrong. Keywords :Wildlifemanagement,Nuisancecontrol,Conservationpolicy,Politicalactors,Japan Introduction Japanesepeopleareincreasinglycomingintocontactwithwildanimalssuchasdeer,monkeysandwildboars,which oftencauselargedamagestoagriculture.Somewildlife,suchasbears,posesadirectthreattopeople,occasionally causing bodily injury and sometimes even human death. Somewhat sensationally, the Japanese media outlets have picked up on this trend and are excited to provide reports on a lone bear or deer wandering into a village or, increasingly,intolargertownsaswell. Preventingpropertydamageandhumaninjuryanddeathisbecominganincreasinglyimportantpolicyconcern forboththenationalandlocalgovernments.Asanimalhabitatsbecomesmallerandscarcer,thisislikelytoprovidean evengreatersourceofworryinthenearfuture.However,whilepreservingthewelfareofcommunitiesandindividuals isperhapstheprimaryconsiderationofthegovernmentatalllevels,thereisagrowingrecognitionthatpreservationof biodiversityandthenaturalenvironmentarealsoimportantpolicyobjectives.Populationsofcertainspeciesofwildlife in some areas of Japan, such as the Asian black bears in Shikoku and Chugoku areas, are endangered, while the numbersofotherwildlifespeciesinsomeareasofJapanareincreasing.Examplesofthelattertrendinclude shika deerinmostpartsofthecountryandwildboarsinKanto,Chubu,Shikoku,KyushuandOkinawa(BiodiversityCenter ofJapan,2004).AdifficultchallengefortheJapanesegovernmentishowtobalancethedemandsofruralcommunities andagriculturalinterestgroupsfortheeliminationofthethreatsfromwildanimals,withthedemandsofconservation groupsandanincreasinglyenvironmentallyawaresegmentofthegeneralpopulationtoconservetheJapanesewildlife. In terms of Japan's wildlife management policy, the well-known support of agricultural interests rather than environmental interests by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) dominated the policymaking process