VOL. 99 • NO. 3 • MAR 2018 Earth & Space Science News JunoCam FLIGHTS OF WHIMSY Exploring the Energy-Water Nexus Unrest at Mauna Loa Enabling FAIR Data JpGU Meeting 2018 20-24 May, 2018 Makuhari Messe, Chiba, Japan http://www.jpgu.org/meeting_e2018/ JpGU-AGU/EGU/AOGS Joint sessions http://www.jpgu.org/meeting_e2018/program.php JpGU Journal PEPS First Impact Factor to be Announced in June 2018 The Japan Geoscience Union’s open-access e-journal First published in 2014 Accepted for indexing in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) database of Web of Science and Scopus database Open Access E-journal Progress in Earth and Planetary Science http://progearthplanetsci.springeropen.com/ EOS-18.003-JpGU-PEPS.indd 1 01/02/18 4:32 PM Earth & Space Science News Contents MARCH 2018 PROJECT UPDATE VOLUME 99, ISSUE 3 20 New Online Tool Teaches Students About the Energy- Water Nexus Students use real data sets to explore how population changes, power generation, and water-saving strategies affect surface and groundwater use. FEATURE 26 Volcanic Unrest at Mauna Loa, Earth’s Largest Active Volcano Mauna Loa is stirring; is a major eruption imminent? Comparisons with previous eruptions paint a complicated picture. 17 PROJECT UPDATE COVER Exploring Methane Gas 34 Seepage in the California JunoCam’s Flights of Whimsy: Borderland Early-career scientists aboard the 2016 From Dragons to Jovey McJupiterface UNOLS Chief Scientist Training Cruise Jupiter has van Gogh skies, kaleidoscope geometry, and fearsome dragons, if you can explored recently reactivated underwater just look at the planet with an open mind. methane seeps in the San Diego Trough. Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 1 Contents DEPARTMENTS Editor in Chief Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., USA; eos_ [email protected] Editors Christina M. S. Cohen Wendy S. Gordon Carol A. Stein California Institute Ecologia Consulting, Department of Earth and of Technology, Pasadena, Austin, Texas, USA; Environmental Sciences, Calif., USA; wendy@ecologiaconsulting University of Illinois at cohen@srl .caltech.edu .com Chicago, Chicago, Ill., José D. Fuentes David Halpern USA; [email protected] Department of Meteorology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pennsylvania State Pasadena, Calif., USA; University, University davidhalpern29@gmail Park, Pa., USA; .com [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board Mark G. Flanner, Atmospheric Sciences John W. Lane, Near-Surface Geophysics 39 Nicola J. Fox, Space Physics Jian Lin, Tectonophysics and Aeronomy Figen Mekik, Paleoceanography Peter Fox, Earth and Space Science and Paleoclimatology Informatics Jerry L. Miller, Ocean Sciences 17–19 GeoFIZZ Steve Frolking, Biogeosciences Thomas H. Painter, Cryosphere Sciences Edward J. Garnero, Study of the Philip J. Rasch, Global Environmental JunoCam’s Flights of Whimsy: From Earth’s Deep Interior Change Dragons to Jovey McJupiterface. Michael N. Gooseff, Hydrology Eric M. Riggs, Education Brian C. Gunter, Geodesy Adrian Tuck, Nonlinear Geophysics Kristine C. Harper, History of Geophysics Sergio Vinciguerra, Mineral 39–40 AGU News Sarah M. Hörst, Planetary Sciences and Rock Physics Susan E. Hough, Natural Hazards Andrew C. Wilcox, Earth and Planetary Enabling FAIR Data Across the Earth Emily R. Johnson, Volcanology, Surface Processes Geochemistry, and Petrology Earle Williams, Atmospheric and Space Sciences. Keith D. Koper, Seismology and Space Electricity Robert E. Kopp, Geomagnetism Mary Lou Zoback, Societal Impacts and Paleomagnetism and Policy Sciences 41–44 Research Spotlight Staff Reducing Errors in Satellite- Derived Production and Design: Faith A. Ishii, Production Manager; Melissa A. Tribur, Senior Arctic Sea Ice Thicknesses; Mapping Production Specialist; Elizabeth Thompson, Production Assistant; Beth Bagley, Manager, Design and Branding; Travis Frazier and Valerie Friedman, Senior Graphic 11 a Valparaíso Earthquake from Designers Foreshock to Aftershock; Searching Editorial: Peter L. Weiss, Manager/Senior News Editor; Mohi Kumar, Scientific for Organic Carbon in the Dry Valleys Content Editor; Randy Showstack, Senior News Writer; JoAnna Wendel, News Writer; of Antarctica; Scientists Probe Water Liz Castenson, Editorial and Production Coordinator; Kimberly M. S. Cartier, News 3–8 News Writing and Production Intern in Leaves via Satellite; Resolving Marketing: Jamie R. Liu, Manager, Marketing; Angelo Bouselli and Taryn Hudson, Global Average Temperatures in a Mystery of the Ages; Scientists Marketing Program Managers; Ashwini Yelamanchili, Digital Marketing Coordinator 2017 Continued Upward Trend; Simulate a New Mechanism of Fluid Advertising: Dan Nicholas, Display Advertising, Email: [email protected]; Climate Change Is National Security Flow in Earth’s Crust. Heather Cain, Positions Available Advertising, Email: [email protected] Risk, Congress Members Warn; ©2018. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Material in this issue may Scientists Discover Stromboli- Type be photocopied by individual scientists for research or classroom use. Permission is 45–48 Positions Available also granted to use short quotes, figures, and tables for publication in scientific books Eruption on Volcanic Moon; Corn’s and journals. For permission for any other uses, contact the AGU Publications Office. Ancestor Could Help It Go Green; A Current job openings in the Earth Eos (ISSN 0096-3941) is published monthly by the American Geophysical Union, Decade of Atmospheric Data Aids and space sciences. 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage paid at Washington, D. C., and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address Black Hole Observers. changes to Member Service Center, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, Inside Back Cover: USA. Member Service Center: 8:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. Eastern time; Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Fax: 9–11 Meeting Reports Postcards from the Field +1-202-328-0566; Tel. orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; Email: [email protected]. Integrating Water Science and A researcher installs a seismograph Use AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Submissions system to submit a Culture for Urban Sustainability; near a dam in Canada to help manuscript: http://eos-submit.agu.org. Observing Life near the Oceans monitor induced seismicity. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect official positions of the American Geophysical Union unless expressly stated. Surface with Satellites. Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO On the Cover 12–16 Opinions An image of Jupiter’s south pole, Keeping Our Focus on the when radially stretched and falsely Subseafloor; When Less Is More: colored, starts to resemble the iris Opening the Door to Simpler of an eye. Credit: RobertT; Original Climate Models. image: NASA/Juno Mission AmericanGeophysicalUnion @AGU_Eos company/american-geophysical-union AGUvideos americangeophysicalunion americangeophysicalunion 2 // Eos March 2018 NEWS The Warming North Global Average Temperatures In the Arctic, which warms at a rate faster than the rest of the globe, minimum sea ice in 2017 Continued Upward Trend extent continued to fall in 2017, the newly released analyses show. Similar results were highlighted in December, when NOAA released its annual Arctic Report Card (see http:// bit . ly/ Showstack - 2017). Scientists concluded in that report that the mean Arc- tic temperature exceeded the average by 1.6°C in 2017 (the second-highest​­ average after 2016) and that March 2017 had the lowest maximum sea ice extent on record. Observations of Arctic conditions in 2017 “confirm that the Arctic shows no signs of returning to the reliably frozen state that it was in just a decade ago,” said Jeremy Mathis, director of NOAA’s Arctic Research Program, when the report card was unveiled in December 2017. At play here is a key feedback mechanism, Arndt noted at the January press conference. Sea ice, with its bright white surface, reflects solar energy back into the atmosphere, help- ing to cool surface temperatures. But when sea ice melts, it exposes the darker surface of the underlying water, which absorbs solar This map shows Earth’s average global temperature from 2013 to 2017, compared with the average temperature from energy. And the more sea ice that melts, the 1951 to 1980. Yellows, oranges, and reds show regions warmer than the 1951– ​­1980 average, with redder hues indicat- more energy is absorbed—a positive feedback ing greater warmth. Credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio mechanism of accelerating warming and ice loss, he said. ENSO Effects arth’s average surface temperature in Institute for Space Studies in New York, at Some warmer than average temperatures 2017 placed second or third highest on the press conference. can be attributed to a global climate phe- E record, according to new analyses by The World Meteorological Organization nomenon called the El Niño–​­Southern Oscil- NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmo- (WMO) also released a 2017 climate report on lation, or ENSO. Two distinct temperature spheric Administration (NOAA). 18 January that placed last year among the and weather trends make up ENSO. One is NASA’s analysis, released on 18 January top three warmest years on record. Accord- El Niño, in which the tropical Pacific Ocean during a press conference, showed that ing to WMO’s figure for 2017, the world’s warms; the other is La Niña, in which it 2017 is the second-hottest​­ year on record average surface temperature has risen 1.1°C cools. El Niño and La Niña can bring anoma- and that the average global temperature