ERNEST"ORLANDO"LAWRENCE" LBNL>179304! ! BERKELEY"NATIONAL"LABORATORY" ! A"Review"of"Commercially" Available"Technologies"for" Developing"Low:Carbon"Eco:cities" ! Nan!Zhou,!Gang!He,!John!Romankiewicz,!David!Fridley,!! and!Cecilia!Fino>Chen! ! " Energy"Technologies"Area" " " " " May"2015" " ! ! ! This!work!was!supported!through!the!U.S.!Department!oF!Energy!under! Contract!No.!DE>AC02>05CH11231.! ! ! ! Disclaimer! " This!document!was!prepared!as!an!account!of!work!sponsored!by!the!United! States! Government.! While! this! document! is! believed! to! contain! correct! information,!neither!the!United!States!Government!nor!any!agency!thereof,! nor!The!Regents!of!the!University!of!California,!nor!any!of!their!employees,! makes!any!warranty,!express!or!implied,!or!assumes!any!legal!responsibility! for!the!accuracy,!completeness,!or!usefulness!of!any!information,!apparatus,! product,! or! process! disclosed,! or! represents! that! its! use! would! not! infringe! privately!owned!rights.!Reference!herein!to!any!specific!commercial!product,! process,!or!service!by!its!trade!name,!trademark,!manufacturer,!or!otherwise,! does! not! necessarily! constitute! or! imply! its! endorsement,! recommendation,! or!favoring!by!the!United!States!Government!or!any!agency!thereof,!or!The! Regents! of! the! University! of! California.! The! views! and! opinions! of! authors! expressed!herein!do!not!necessarily!state!or!reflect!those!of!the!United!States! Government! or! any! agency! thereof,! or! The! Regents! of! the! University! of! California.! ! Ernest!Orlando!Lawrence!Berkeley!National!Laboratory!is!an!equal! opportunity!employer.! " ! ! Table&of&Contents& A"Review"of"Commercially"Available"Technologies"for"Developing"Low:Carbon"Eco: cities"..........................................................................................................................."1! Introduction"................................................................................................................"1! Industrial"sector".........................................................................................................."5! Cross:sector"opportunities"..................................................................................................."8! Energy"monitoring"and"control"systems"..............................................................................."8! High:energy:efficiency"motors"............................................................................................."9! Steam:system"efficiency"....................................................................................................."11! Compressed:air"systems"....................................................................................................."12! Pump"systems"...................................................................................................................."13! Waste:heat"and"waste:gas"recovery"for"power"generation"................................................."14! Subsector:specific"opportunities"........................................................................................."15! Co:firing"of"waste"materials"and"use"of"alternative"clinker"materials"(cement)"..................."15! Coal:mine"methane"utilization"(mining)".............................................................................."16! Coke"dry"quenching"(iron"and"steel)"...................................................................................."17! Building"sector".........................................................................................................."19! Low"U:value"Windows"(envelope)"......................................................................................"21! Smart"windows"(envelope)"................................................................................................."22! Cool"roofs"(envelope)"........................................................................................................."23! Interior"and"exterior"shading"systems"(envelope)"..............................................................."25! Natural"and"hybrid"ventilation"(HVAC)"................................................................................"26! Ground:source"heat"pumps"(HVAC)"...................................................................................."28! Heat:pump"water"heaters"(water"heating)".........................................................................."29! Advanced"power"strips"(appliances"and"consumer"electronics)"..........................................."30! Lighting:system"improvements"..........................................................................................."31! Advanced"metering"infrastructure/smart"meters"(control"systems)"...................................."33! Power"sector"............................................................................................................."35! Distributed"solar"and"building:integrated"photovoltaics"....................................................."36! Combined"heat"and"power"(CHP)"........................................................................................"37! Fuel:cell"power"systems"......................................................................................................"39! Utility:scale"solar"................................................................................................................"40! Utility:scale"energy"storage"................................................................................................"42! Microgrids".........................................................................................................................."44! Integrated"gasification"combined"cycle"for"electricity"generation"........................................"46! Smart"grid"..........................................................................................................................."47! Carbon"capture,"utilization"and"storage".............................................................................."49! 1 Transportation"sector"................................................................................................"52! Electric"vehicles"for"municipal"fleets"..................................................................................."53! Intelligent"transportation"systems"......................................................................................"54! Electric"vehicle"charging"stations"........................................................................................"55! Hydrogen"vehicles".............................................................................................................."56! Automatic"bike:rent/share"system"....................................................................................."57! Smart"parking"systems"........................................................................................................"59! Rapid:transit"systems"........................................................................................................."60! Water"sector"............................................................................................................."62! Gray:water"recycling"(demand:side"efficiency)"..................................................................."63! Water:efficient"appliances"(demand:side"efficiency)".........................................................."64! Smart"water:distribution"networks"(distribution"system)"..................................................."65! Rainwater"harvesting"(supply)"............................................................................................"66! Reverse"osmosis"(industrial"treatment)".............................................................................."67! Ultraviolet"treatment"(municipal"treatment)"......................................................................"69! Anaerobic"digesters"(energy"generation"from"wastewater)"................................................."70! Co:digestion"at"wastewater:treatment"facilities"(energy"generation)"................................."71! Controlled:atmosphere"separation"technology"(Industrial"water"recycling"and"reuse)"........"72! Recirculating"and"dry"cooling"for"power"generation"(Industrial"water"recycling"and"reuse)"."73! Waste"sector"............................................................................................................."75! Integrated"Solid:Waste"Management"................................................................................."76! Thermal"treatment"of"municipal"solid"waste"......................................................................."77! Digestion"treatment"..........................................................................................................."79! Hydrolysis"treatment".........................................................................................................."80! Chemical"processing"..........................................................................................................."81! Mechanical"processing"for"fiber"recovery"............................................................................"82! Technology"summary"................................................................................................"84! Summary"and"Discussion"..........................................................................................."91! Acknowledgments"....................................................................................................."91!