nutrients Volume 1 Nutrition in Pregnancy Edited by Janna L. Morrison and Timothy R.H. Regnault Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Janna L. Morrison and Timothy R.H. Regnault (Eds.) Nutrition in Pregnancy Volume I This book is a reprint of the Special Issue that appeared in the online, open access journal, Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) from 2014–2015, available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special_issues/nutrition-pregnancy Guest Editors Janna L. Morrison Professor, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia Australia Timothy R.H. Regnault Associate Professor, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Physiology and Pharmacology Scientist, Children's Health Research Institute Western University Canada Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland Publisher Assistant Editor Shu-Kun Lin Xiaocen Zhang 1. Edition 2017 MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade ISBN 978-3-03842-366-9 (Hbk) Vol. 1 ISBN 978-3-03842-308-9 (Hbk) Vol. 1-2 ISBN 978-3-03842-367-6 (PDF) Vol. 1 ISBN 978-3-03842-309-6 (PDF) Vol. 1-2 Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is © 2017 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents List of Contributors ......................................................................................................... VII About the Guest Editors ................................................................................................ XIII Preface to “Nutrition in Pregnancy”............................................................................. XV Section 1: Nutrition, the Periconceptional Period and Placental Development Monalisa Padhee, Song Zhang, Shervi Lie, Kimberley C. Wang, Kimberley J. Botting, Isabella Caroline McMillen, Severence M. MacLaughlin and Janna L. Morrison The Periconceptional Environment and Cardiovascular Disease: Does In Vitro Embryo Culture and Transfer Influence Cardiovascular Development and Health? Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(3), 1378–1425 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/3/1378 ...................................................................... 3 Kimberly A. Vonnahme, Caleb O. Lemley, Joel S. Caton and Allison M. Meyer Impacts of Maternal Nutrition on Vascularity of Nutrient Transferring Tissues during Gestation and Lactation Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(5), 3497–3523 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/5/3497 .................................................................... 58 Song Zhang, Timothy R.H. Regnault, Paige L. Barker, Kimberley J. Botting, Isabella Caroline McMillen, Christine M. McMillan, Claire T. Roberts and Janna L. Morrison Placental Adaptations in Growth Restriction Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(1), 360–389 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/1/360 ...................................................................... 90 Jia Zheng, Xinhua Xiao, Qian Zhang, Lili Mao, Miao Yu and Jianping Xu The Placental Microbiome Varies in Association with Low Birth Weight in Full- Term Neonates Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(8), 6924–6937 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/8/5315 .................................................................. 124 III Section 2: Sub Optimal Maternal Nutrition during Pregnancy, Changes in Fetal Growth Trajectory and Later Life Metabolic Health Vladislava Zohdi, Kyungjoon Lim, James T. Pearson and M. Jane Black Developmental Programming of Cardiovascular Disease Following Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Findings Utilising A Rat Model of Maternal Protein Restriction Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(1), 119–152 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/1/119 .................................................................... 143 Melissa A. Davis, Antoni R. Macko, Leah V. Steyn, Miranda J. Anderson and Sean W. Limesand Fetal Adrenal Demedullation Lowers Circulating Norepinephrine and Attenuates Growth Restriction but not Reduction of Endocrine Cell Mass in an Ovine Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(1), 500–516 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/1/500 .................................................................... 177 Ryan James Wood-Bradley, Sanna Barrand, Anais Giot and James Andrew Armitage Understanding the Role of Maternal Diet on Kidney Development; an Opportunity to Improve Cardiovascular and Renal Health for Future Generations Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(3), 1881–1905 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/3/1881 .................................................................. 196 Michelle L. Blumfield, Caryl Nowson, Alexis J. Hure, Roger Smith, Stephen J. Simpson, David Raubenheimer, Lesley MacDonald-Wicks and Clare E. Collins Lower Protein-to-Carbohydrate Ratio in Maternal Diet is Associated with Higher Childhood Systolic Blood Pressure up to Age Four Years Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(5), 3078–3093 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/5/3078 .................................................................. 225 Uriyoán Colón-Ramos, Susan B. Racette, Jody Ganiban, Thuy G. Nguyen, Mehmet Kocak, Kecia N. Carroll, Eszter Völgyi and Frances A. Tylavsky Association between Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Birth Size Measures in a Diverse Population in Southern US Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(2), 1318–1332 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/2/1318 .................................................................. 243 IV Section 3: Adverse Situations during the Perinatal Period and Offspring Development Roshan T. Ramlal, Martin Tembo, Caroline C. King, Sascha Ellington, Alice Soko, Maggie Chigwenembe, Charles Chasela, Denise J. Jamieson, Charles van der Horst, Margaret Bentley, Linda Adair and the BAN Study Team Dietary Patterns and Maternal Anthropometry in HIV-Infected, Pregnant Malawian Women Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(1), 584–594 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/1/584 .................................................................... 261 Tsuyoshi Tsuduki, Kazushi Yamamoto, Shuang E, Yu Hatakeyama and Yu Sakamoto High Dietary Fat Intake during Lactation Promotes the Development of Social Stress-Induced Obesity in the Offspring of Mice Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(7), 5916–5932 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/7/5257 .................................................................. 273 Kristyn Dunlop, Megan Cedrone, James F. Staples and Timothy R.H. Regnault Altered Fetal Skeletal Muscle Nutrient Metabolism Following an Adverse In Utero Environment and the Modulation of Later Life Insulin Sensitivity Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(2), 1202–1216 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/2/1202 .................................................................. 292 Section 4: Maternal Body Composition during Pregnancy Julia Martin, Lesley MacDonald-Wicks, Alexis Hure, Roger Smith and Clare E. Collins Reducing Postpartum Weight Retention and Improving Breastfeeding Outcomes in Overweight Women: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(3), 1464–1479 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/3/1464 .................................................................. 311 Elisabet Forsum, Pontus Henriksson and Marie Löf The Two-Component Model for Calculating Total Body Fat from Body Density: An Evaluation in Healthy Women before, during and after Pregnancy Reprinted from: Nutrients 2014, 6(12), 5888–5899 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/6/12/5888 ................................................................ 329 V List of Contributors Linda Adair University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Miranda J. Anderson School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. James Andrew Armitage School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. Paige L. Barker Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. Sanna Barrand School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia. Margaret Bentley University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. M. Jane Black Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia. Michelle L. Blumfield School of Health Sciences, and Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia. Kimberley J. Botting Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. Kecia N. Carroll Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 313 Oxford House, Nashville, TN 37232-4313, USA. Joel S. Caton Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA. Megan Cedrone Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. Charles Chasela UNC Project Malawi, Tidziwe Center, Mzimba