Evolution of Aquatic Tetrapods Fourth Triannual Convention Abstracts Akron, Ohio, U.S.A., May 16-20, 2005 Cranbrook Institute of Science Miscellaneous Publications, Volume 1 Edited by Mark D. Uhen EAT Conference organized by: J.G.M. “Hans” Thewissen, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown OH Sandra I. Madar, Hiram College, Hiram, OH Frank Fish, West Chester University, West Chester, PA Mark D. Uhen, Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, MI Published by the Cranbrook Institute of Science: ISBN 0-87737-045-1 CONTENTS PETER J. ADAM EVOLUTION OF THE CARNIVOROUS MARINE MAMMAL FEEDING GUILD: A PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW. 1 SUNIL BAJPAI AND J. G. M. THEWISSEN AGES OF THE WHALE-BEARING STRATA IN THE EOCENE OF INDIA: TIMING OF THE ORIGIN OF WHALES 3 LAWRENCE G. BARNES EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS AMONG THE OTARIOID PINNIPEDS (MAMMALIA: CARNIVORA). 5 LAWRENCE G. BARNES, NICHOLAS D. PYENSON AND SAMUEL A. MCLEOD MIDDLE MIOCENE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND CETACEAN DIVERSITY AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE SHARKTOOTH HILL BONEBED, CALIFORNIA, USA 6 BRIAN LEE BEATTY DENTAL MICROWEAR IN AQUATIC VERTEBRATES: CONSTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR SELECTED MARINE MAMMALS 8 ANNALISA BERTA AND THOMAS A. DEMÉRÉ PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE DIVERSE TOOTHED MYSTICETE CLADE THE AETIOCETIDAE AND RECONSIDERATION OF THE FILTER FEEDING NICHE 9 VIRGINIE BOUETEL PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF SKULL STRUCTURE AND FEEDING BEHAVIOUR IN BALAENOPTERIDAE (CETACEA, MYSTICETI) 10 EMILY A. BUCHHOLTZ AND ELIZABETH M. WOLKOVICH COMPLEXITY IN DELPHINOID EVOLUTION 11 MICHAEL W. CALDWELL HISTOLOGY OF TOOTH ATTACHMENT AND TOOTH REPLACEMENT PATTERNS IN MOSASAURS: WHAT IS THECODONTY ANYHOW? 13 MICHAEL W. CALDWELL, ALEXANDER DUTCHAK AND TAKUYA KONISHI MIDDLE EAR ANATOMY IN UPPER CRETACEOUS MOSASAURS (SQUAMATA): FROM IMPEDANCE MATCHING TO UNDERWATER HEARING 14 CARRIE A. CARRENO AND KIISA C. NISHIKAWA A RETURN TO THE ANCESTRAL FEEDING MODE IN AQUATIC FROGS 15 i MARK CLEMENTZ, PAUL KOCH, DARYL DOMNING, LAWRENCE BARNES AND BRIAN LEE BEATTY STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE OF DIETARY DIVERSIFICATION, SPECIALIZATION, AND STASIS WITHIN THE SIRENIA 16 MARTIN J. COHN GETTING LEGLESS: DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISMS OF VERTEBRATE LIMB EVOLUTION 18 LISA COOPER AND ANNALISA BERTA EVOLUTION OF THE CETACEAN MANUS: PATTERNS OF REDUCTION, HYPERPHALANGY, AND POLYDACTYLY 19 TED W. CRANFORD, MEGAN F. MCKENNA, BRIDGETT KNOWLES, AND ANNALISA BERTA ACOUSTIC ADAPTATIONS FOR DEEP DIVING IN ODONTOCETES 20 THOMAS A. DEMÉRÉ PALATE VASCULARIZATION IN AN OLIGOCENE TOOTHED MYSTICETE (CETACEA: MYSTICETI: AETIOCETIDAE); IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF BALEEN 21 HEATHER EISTHEN EVOLUTION OF THE VOMERONASAL SYSTEM IN AQUATIC VERTEBRATES 22 FRANK FISH, ANTHONY NICASTRO, AND DANIEL WEIHS DYNAMICS OF THE AERIAL MANEUVERS OF SPINNER DOLPHINS: ASSOCIATION OF MECHANICS WITH EXTREME PERFORMANCE 23 REBECCA E. FISHER, KATHLEEN M. SCOTT AND VIRGINIA L. NAPLES THE MYOLOGY OF THE PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMUS (CHOEROPSIS LIBERIENSIS): MUSCLES OF THE FORE AND HIND LIMB 24 ERICH M. G. FITZGERALD TOOTHED MYSTICETES (MAMMALIA: CETACEA) FROM THE LATE OLIGOCENE OF AUSTRALIA 25 ANNA J. FULLER AND STEPHEN J. GODFREY MIOCENE ZIPHIIDS (CETACEA: ODONTOCETI) FROM THE CHESAPEAKE GROUP OF CALVERT CLIFFS, MARYLAND, U.S.A. 26 JONATHAN H. GEISLER AND JOHN GATESY USING SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL DATA TO RESOLVE DELPHINIDAN PHYLOGENY 27 ii JUSTIN A GEORGI AND JUSTIN SIPLA SEMICIRCULAR CANAL SHAPE IN TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC NON-SYNAPSID VERTEBRATES 28 NOEL-MARIE GRAY AND S. I. MADAR SINKERS NOT SWIMMERS: THE HISTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BONE FROM EARLY CETACEA AND TETHYTHERIA. 29 JOHANNES HARBERING, LARS KOSSATZ, MICHAEL KNAUTH, CHRISTIAN DULLIN, CHRISTIAN LYDERSEN, KIT KOVACS, AND HELMUT A. OELSCHLÄGER A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HEARING ORGANS OF THE HARP SEAL (PHOCA GROENLANDICA) AND THE HARBOR PORPOISE (PHOCOENA PHOCOENA) USING ULTRA-HIGH RESOLUTION CT-DATASETS. 30 THOMAS E. HETHERINGTON EVOLUTIONARY TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE EARS OF SECONDARILY AQUATIC AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, AND BIRDS. 32 CASEY HOLLIDAY, RYAN RIDGELY, LAWRENCE WITMER, AND AMY BALANOFF CEPHALIC VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE CARIBBEAN FLAMINGO (PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER) USING HIGH-RESOLUTION CT IMAGING AND DIGITAL SOFT-TISSUE RECONSTRUCTION 33 AAPO T. KANGAS, AND JUKKA JERNVALL MAMMALIAN TEETH, DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS AND SEALS 34 VIVESH V. KAPUR DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF THE EOCENE WHALE-BEARING STRATA OF INDIA: INFERENCES ABOUT PALEOECOLOGY 35 TOSHIYUKI KIMURA, AND YOSHIKAZU HASEGAWA AN OUTLINE OF THE CETOTHERES OF JAPAN 36 MICHAEL KNAUTH, KIT KOVACS, STEFAN RIES, MIKE O’HAMMILL AND CHRISTIAN LYDERSEN CLOSURE AND TIMING OF CLOSURE OF THE FORAMEN OVALE IN BEARDED, RINGED & HARP SEALS: AN ADAPTATION TO DIVING? 37 NAOKI KOHNO EVOLUTION OF SPECIAL TOOTH REPLACEMENTS AND DISPLACEMENTS IN THE DESMOSTYLIA AS REVEALED BY HIGH-RESOLUTION X-RAY CT. 38 LARS S. KOSSATZ, MARTINA DRIESKE, THOMAS J. VOGL, AND HELMUT A. OELSCHLÄGER EAR MORPHOLOGY AS A CRITERION FOR RELATIONSHIP AMONG RIVER DOLPHINS: AN INVESTIGATION WITH COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY (CT) 39 iii RONALD H. H. KRÖGER EYE DESIGN AND FUNCTION IN SECONDARILY AQUATIC TETRAPODS 41 RICHARD H. LAMBERTSEN SOLUTION OF THE RORQUAL PARADOX AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS 43 TERRY E. LANCASTER MORPHOLOGICAL MODELING AND BODY MASS ESTIMATION IN EOCENE CETACEANS 45 NICK LONGRICH AQUATIC SPECIALIZATION IN MARSUPIALS FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF NORTH AMERICA 46 AMY MAAS, AND S. I. MADAR SIGNIFICANCE OF BODY PROPORTIONS IN THE TRANSITION TO DORSOVENTRAL UNDULATORY MODES OF SWIMMING IN ARCHAEOCETE WHALES. 47 PETER T. MADSEN TOOTHED WHALE ECHOLOCATION: SIGNALS, USE AND EVOLUTIONARY SCENARIOS 48 LORI MARINO, MARK D. UHEN, AND DANIEL W. MCSHEA ENCEPHALIZATION IN ODONTOCETES: WHAT’S BEING AQUATIC GOT TO DO WITH IT? 50 MEGAN F. MCKENNA, TED W. CRANFORD, AND ANNNALISA BERTA COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE FOREHEAD OF ODONTOCETES: INSIGHTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF ECHOLOCATION 51 SIRPA NUMMELA AND J. G. M. THEWISSEN HEARING IN AQUATIC MAMMALS 52 HELMUT A. OELSCHLÄGER, LARS SV KOSSATZ, CHRISTIAN FUNG, CLEMENS POTH, STEFAN HUGGENBERGER, ONUR GÜNTÜRKÜN, AND SAM H. RIDGWAY EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS OF SENSORY SYSTEMS AND THE BRAIN IN TOOTHED WHALES 53 NORIHIRO OKADA SINE AND MTDNA EVIDENCE FOR THE PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF BALAENOPTERA OMURAI 55 iv JOSHUA D. OLSON, KRISTIN N. JETT, AND PETER J. ADAM STRAIGHTENING OUT THE STORY OF ODONTOCETE SKULL ASYMMETRY EVOLUTION 57 HENRY PIHLSTRÖM CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN IN AQUATIC AND SEMI- AQUATIC MAMMALS 59 RACHEL RACICOT, ANNALISA BERTA, THOMAS A. DEMÉRÉ, AND TED CRANFORD THE POTENTIAL OF CT DATA FOR REVEALING DETAILS OF THE PTERYGOID SINUS COMPLEX IN EXTANT AND EXTINCT PHOCOENIDS 60 JOY S. REIDENBERG AND JEFFREY T. LAITMAN THE GREAT COVER-UP: TRACING THE EVOLUTION OF LARYNGEAL PROTECTION IN AQUATIC TETRAPODS 61 TOM REUTER AND LEO PEICHL VISUAL PIGMENTS AND RETINAL GANGLION CELLS IN TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC TETRAPODS. 63 MICHAEL K. RICHARDSON, OLIVER BECKMANN, IRMGARD KIRSCHENBAUER, AND HELMUT A. OELSCHLÄGER DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLIPPERS AND TAIL FLUKES IN THE SPOTTED DOLPHIN 64 GABRIEL RIVERA, AND RICHARD W. BLOB TURNING PERFORMANCE OF AQUATIC FRESHWATER TURTLES 65 PHYLLIS R. ROBINSON, JEFFRY I. FASICK AND LUCY A. NEWMAN MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ROD AND CONE BASED VISION IN AQUATIC MAMMALS 67 SENTIEL ROMMEL AND ALEXANDER COSTIDIS COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE EPIDURAL CIRCULATION IN SEALS, DOLPHINS, AND MANATEES 68 CALLUM F. ROSS AND KEITH A. METZGER IN VIVO SKULL FUNCTION IN AN AQUATIC TETRAPOD, ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS 70 BRUCE M. ROTHSCHILD MOSASAUR ASCENDING: THE PHYLOGENY OF BENDS. 72 v NATALIA RYBCZYNSKI, ANN PABST AND BILL MCLELLAN CONNECTIVE-TISSUE FIBER REINFORCEMENT IN “PADDLE” OF BEAVER TAIL (CASTOR CANADENSIS) 73 JOSHUA X. SAMUELS GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF SKULL SHAPE IN SEMI-AQUATIC RODENTS 75 HIROSHI SAWAMURA, HIROTO ICHISHIMA, HARUKA ITO, AND HAJIME ISHIKAWA THE BALEEN OF MYSTICETES GROWS ON THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF MAXILLA: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE FETUS OF THE MINKE WHALE 76 FRED SPOOR, AND J. G. M. THEWISSEN THE SEMICIRCULAR CANAL SYSTEM AND MAMMALIAN AQUATIC BEHAVIOUR 78 J. G. M. THEWISSEN DIGITAL LIBRARY OF DOLPHIN DEVELOPMENT 79 J. G. M. THEWISSEN, M. J. COHN, JOHN HEYNING, SUNIL BAJPAI, L. S. STEVENS, AND W. E. HORTON JR. HIND LIMBS IN CETACEANS: EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT 80 MARK D. UHEN AND LORI MARINO THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH ENCEPHALIZATION IN ODONTOCETES IN RELATION TO THE ORIGIN OF ECHOLOCATION 82 HIKARU UNO REINTERPRETATION OF THE AUDITORY STRUCTURE IN DESMOSTYLUS HESPERUS (MAMMALIA: DESMOSTYLIA): NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE MIDDLE MIOCENE TACHIKARAUSHINAI FORMATION, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN 84 LAWRENCE WITMER, RYAN RIDGELY, PATRICK O’CONNOR, CASEY HOLLIDAY, TOBIN HIERONYMUS, JOSEPH DANIEL, ERIN RASMUSSON, JUSTIN TICKHILL, AND ANDREW CLIFFORD THE CEPHALIC ANATOMY OF THE FLORIDA MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS), AS REVEALED BY VIRTUAL DISSECTION WITH COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT), DIFFERENTIAL-CONTRAST DUAL-VASCULAR INJECTION, AND 3D VISUALIZATION 85 vi EVOLUTION OF THE CARNIVOROUS MARINE MAMMAL FEEDING GUILD: A PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW. PETER J. ADAM; University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology All marine mammals, with the exception of herbivorous sirenians and (arguably) desmostylians, prey on other animals ranging in size and diversity from copepods to fish and squid to other marine mammals. Owing to their predatory habits, cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sea otters can be grouped together into a marine mammal carnivore guild