Dwi Astuti Wahyu N. ADVANCED TRANSLATION ADVANCED TRANSLATION Copyright ©, Dwi Astuti Wahyu N., 2017 Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang All right reserved Layout: Saiful Mustofa Desain cover: Diky Mohamad Fauzi viii+ 139 hlm: 14 x 20,3 cm ISBN: 978-602-6706-17-1 Cetakan Pertama, Februari 2018 Diterbitkan oleh: Akademia Pustaka Perum. BMW Madani Kavling 16, Tulungagung Telp: 081216178398 Email: [email protected] Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 113 Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta (1) Setiap Orang yang dengan tanpa hak melakukan pelanggaran hak ekonomi seba- gaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1) huruf i untuk Penggunaan Secara Komersial dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 (satu) tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp.100.000.000,00 (seratus juta rupiah). (2) Setiap Orang yang dengan tanpa hak dan/atau tanpa izin Pencipta atau pemeg- ang Hak Cipta melakukan pelanggaran hak ekonomi Pencipta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1) huruf c, huruf d, huruf f, dan/atau huruf h untuk Penggunaan Secara Komersial dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp.500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah). (3) Setiap Orang yang dengan tanpa hak dan/atau tanpa izin Pencipta atau pemeg- ang Hak Cipta melakukan pelanggaran hak ekonomi Pencipta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 9 ayat (1) huruf a, huruf b, huruf e, dan/atau huruf g untuk Penggunaan Secara Komersial dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun dan/ atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp.1.000.000.000,00 (satu miliar rupiah). (4) Setiap Orang yang memenuhi unsur sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) yang dilakukan dalam bentuk pembajakan, dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan/atau pidana denda paling banyak Rp. 4.000.000.000,00 (empat miliar rupiah). iii PREFACE irst of all, thanks to Alloh SWT because of the help of Alloh, Fthe writer finished writing this handbook entitled Advanced Translation for student of English Department IAIN Tulungagung. This book is accompanied by the ways that can be used by students to do translating from or to target language. The book is used in six- month course, and it is hoped, may help the students to improve their knowledges in translating book, journal, or article, so that they can get a lot of good advantages from studying translation. The materials in this book is based onA Textbook of Translation by Peter Newmark, Becoming A Translator by Douglas Robinson, Introducing Translation Studies by Jeremy Munday, and other sources related to translation studies that support the materials in this book. The writer also would like to thank to some individuals have assisted with the development of this book for helping me editing materials and designing the book layout. Finally the writer expects the readers give suggestions for making this book gets some improvements. Tulungagung, July 30 2017 Dwi Astuti Wahyu Nurhayati, S.S., M.Pd. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................v CHAPTER I THEORIES OF TRANSLATION A. Phases of Translation...............................1 B. The Aim of A Good Translation....................6 C. Translation Methods................................9 Activity 1................................................11 CHAPTER II HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSLATION A. What Is Translation Studies?......................13 B. A Brief History of The Discipline.................16 C. The Holmes/Toury ‘Map’..........................19 Activity 2................................................25 CHAPTER III LANGUAGE FUNCTION, TEXT- CATEGORIZED AND TEXT TYPES A. The Expressive Function...........................27 B. The Informative Function.........................28 C. The Aesthetic Function............................30 D. The Phatic Function................................31 E. The Metalingual Function..........................32 Activity 3................................................33 CHAPTER IV THE TRANSLATORS A. Eternal Knowledge: The User’s View............36 B. Internal Knowledge: The Translator’s View.....51 Activity 4................................................64 vi CHAPTER V THE ANALYSIS OF TEXT A. Reading The Text...................................67 B. The Intention of The Text.........................68 C. The Intention of The Translator..................69 D. Text Styles...........................................69 E. The Readership......................................70 F. Setting................................................70 G. The Quality of The Writing........................71 H. Connotations and Denotations...................72 I. The Last Reading....................................72 Activity 5................................................73 CHAPTER VI THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION A. The Relation of Translating to Translation Theory......................................76 B. The Approach........................................77 C. The Textual Level...................................79 D. The Referential Level..............................79 E. The Cohesive Level.................................81 F. The Level of Naturalness...........................83 G. Combining The Four Levels.......................90 H. The Unit of Translating............................91 I. The Translation of Lexis............................98 J. The Translation of Proper Names.................99 K. Revision.............................................101 Activity 6..............................................102 CHAPTER VII TRANSLATION CHALLENGES A. Research............................................105 B. Being Edited........................................106 C. Style Sheets........................................107 Activity 7..............................................107 CHAPTER VIII TRANSLATION PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS A. Translation Problems..............................109 B. Translation Solutions..............................118 vii Activity 8..............................................121 CHAPTER IX EDITING PROCESS A. Schedules...........................................123 B. The Role of The Structural Editor...............123 C. The Role of The Copyeditor......................125 Activity 9..............................................128 CHAPTER X PARAMETER OF GOOD EDITOR A. Can Bad Translation Be Written?................130 B. Summing Up The Editor’s Role..................131 Activity 10.............................................132 CHAPTER XI ONGOING RELATIONSHIPS A. The Translator’s Role After The Editing........133 B. Translator’s Networks.............................133 Activity 11.............................................134 REFERENCES .........................................136 ABOUT AUTHOR......................................139 viii CHAPTER I THEORIES OF TRANSLATING Source Language (SL) Source Language (SL) Text to be translated Translation Meaning A. Phases of Translation hough there have been many serious attempts to arrive at a Tunified theory of translating, linguists and translation theorists are still in doubt about such a possibility. The idea of formulating a reliable theory is of a great significance, since it would systematize the methods and procedures of translating. Drawing on other theorists’ experience, S. Chau summarizes the situation: It can be misleading to talk about ‘translation theories’ as such, as if there are properly developed theoretical models or entities carefully considered by practitioners. One is repeatedly reminded that there are after all, no significant translation theories. They are very existence, possibility, and value of translation theories have been thrown into doubt. (1984b: 94). It might be useful to refer briefly to different views on this matter put forward by linguists and translation theorists. 1 2 Dwi Astuti Wahyu N Catford (1965: 20) argues that ‘the theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and is consequently a branch of Comparative Linguistics’. Thus, translating is defined as ‘the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language TL’. With this in mind, Catford distinguishes between different types of translation equivalence, i.e. textual equivalence and formal correspondence. Influenced by Halliday, Catford would naturally be concerned with translation equivalence as an empirical phenomenon. In other words, he is interested in formal correspondence. Unlike textual equivalence whose preciseness depends on the intuition of ‘a competent bilingual informant or translator’, formal correspondence, on the other hand, is: “...any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the same ‘place in the ‘economy’ of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL. Nida’s theory of translating consists of the three procedures of analysis, deep structure transfer, and restructuring. His refined theory (1969) includes one more stage, namely testing. Analysis consists essentially in back-transformation to a near-kernel level. In this stage, the SLT must be read and studied carefully, and meaning must be extracted. Nida devises several stages of analysis, though in practice they overlap. They are: 1. lexico grammatically features of the immediate units 2. discourse context Advanced Translation 3 3. communicative context 4. cultural context of the SL 5. the cultural context