INTERNATIONAL HISTORICAL STATISTICS AFRICA, ASIA & OCEANIA 1750-1993 I THIRD EDITION I INTERNATIONAL HISTORICAL STATISTICS AFRICA, ASIA & OCEANIA 1750-1993 I THIRD EDITION I B.R. MITCHELL © Macmillan Reference Ltd. 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 1998 All rights reserved. No reproduction. copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. 90 Tottenham Court Road. London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Published in the United Kingdom by MACMILLAN REFERENCE LTD, 1998 25 Eccleston Place. London. SWI W 9NF and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world. ISBN 978-1-349-14740-3 ISBN 978-1-349-14738-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14738-0 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Published in the United States and Canada by STOCKTON PRESS, 1998 345 Park Avenue South. 10th Floor New York. NY 10010-1707. USA ISBN 978-1-56159-234-0 ISBN 978-1-56159-233-3 (Three volume set) While every care has been taken in compiling the information contained in this publication. the publishers. compilers and copyright holders accept no responsibility for any errors or omissions. Typeset by Laser Words. Madras. India CONTENTS Table Page number number vii Introduction xvii National Sources xxi Acknowledgements xxiii Weights and Measures: Conversion Ratios and Symbols A 1 POPULATION 1 3 Population of Countries at Enumerations 2 14 Population of Selected Countries by Sex and Age Groups 3 32 Population of Major Administrative Divisions in Selected Countries 4 38 Population of Major Cities 5 47 Population Estimates 6 69 Vital Statistics: Rates per 1000 Population 7 80 Deaths of Infants under 1 Year Old per 1000 live births 8 86 International Migrants B 89 LABOUR FORCE 1 90 Economically Active Population by Major Activity Groups 2 105 Unemployment 3 114 Industrial Disputes 4 129 Indices of Wages or Earnings C 139 AGRICULTURE 1 140 Area of Main Arable Food Crops 2 176 Output of Main Arable Food Crops 3 209 Sugar 4 220 Output of Main Oil Crops 5 228 Output of Cocoa, Coffee and Tea 6 236 Output of Citrus Fruits, Apples and Bananas 7 242 Output of Wine 8 246 Output of Cotton 9 250 Output of Tobacco 10 258 Output of Rubber 11 262 Numbers of Livestock 12 310 Output of Meat 13 316 Output of Milk 14 322 Output of Butter 15 324 Output of Wool 16 326 Landings of Fish 17 332 Exports of Various Agricultural Commodities by Major Exporting Countries D 343 INDUSTRY 1 345 Indices of Industrial Production 2 352 Output of Coal 3 360 Output of Crude Petroleum 4 367 Output of Natural Gas 5 373 Output of Iron Ore 6 379 Output of Main Non-ferrous Metal Ores 7 405 Output of Gold and Silver 8 412 Output of Raw Asbestos, Phosphate Rock, Potash and Sulphur 9 417 Output of Pig Iron vi International Historical Statistics-Africa, Asia and Oceania 1750 -1993 10 422 Output of Steel 11 427 Output of Aluminium 12 430 Output of Refined Copper. Lead, Tin and Zinc 13 438 Cotton Spindles 14 443 Raw Cotton Consumption 15 448 Output of Cotton Yarn 16 454 Output of Woven Cotton Fabrics 17 459 Output of Wool Goods 18 463 Output of Synthetic Filaments 19 466 Output of Sulphuric Acid. Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid, and Caustic Soda 20 472 Output of Wood 21 476 Output of Wood Pulp 22 478 Assembly or Output of Motor Vehicles 23 483 Output of Beer 24 490 Output of Electric Energy 25 504 Imports and Exports of Coal by Main Trading Countries 26 506 Imports and Exports of Petroleum by Main Trading Countries 27 512 Imports and Exports of Iron Ore by Main Trading Countries E 515 EXTERNAL TRADE 1 516 External Trade Aggregates in Current Values 2 559 External Trade with Main Trading Partners 3 637 Major Commodity Exports by Main Exporting Countries F 671 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS 1 673 Length of Railway Line Open 2 690 Freight Traffic on Railways 3 711 Passenger Traffic on Railways 4 732 Merchant Ships Registered 5 746 Motor Vehicles in Use 6 767 Civil Aviation Traffic 7 781 Postal and Telegraph Traffic 8 803 Telephones in Use 9 814 Radio and Television Sets in Use G 821 FINANCE 1 822 Currency or Banknotes in Circulation 2 842 Demand Deposits in Commercial Banks 3 857 Savings Bank Deposits 4 871 Money Supply 5 886 Total Central Government Expenditure 6 909 Central Government Revenue with some Main Tax Yields H 941 PRICES 1 942 Wholesale Price Indices 2 952 Consumer Price Indices i 965 EDUCATION 1 966 Number of Children in School 2 996 Number of Students in Universities J 1009 NATIONAL ACCOUNTS 1 1010 National Accounts Totals 2 1045 Proportions of GOP by Sector of Origin (%) 3 1057 Balance of Payments INTRODUCTION Historical statistics are now recognised, as never before, as a major raw material of much economic history, especially of that concerned with economic growth and development. In response to this, national collections of historical statistics began to make their appearance from the late 1940s onwards. Towards the end of the 1960s, it seemed that the time was ripe for gathering together the main statistical series for a" major countries of the world, and a beginning was made with those of Europe, for which there was more material available than for most others. 1 This was followed by the first edition of the present work2 , which did not include Oceania, and International Historical Statistics: The Americas and Australasia.3 The objective of these books has been to provide economists and historians with a wide range of statistical data without the difficulty of identifying sources, of obtaining access to them, and the often considerable labour of extracting the figures from many different places and, one hopes, ensuring that sometimes variously defined figures are transformed until they form part of comparable series. In a" these continent-wide compilations, the sources relied on have been, for the most part, official national and international abstracts of statistics, rather than detailed publications. As a result, there are more breaks in continuity than are strictly necessary, since compilers of abstracts are continually trying to improve coverage and presentation; and whilst older, long-running series may often still be put together from detailed sources, the process is time-consuming and sometimes requires access to publications which are not readily available outside their country of origin. However, I am assured by many who have used the earlier editions that these breaks are not often of as much importance as they seem to be to the compiler. Even more irritating, to the compiler at any rate, are the gaps which sometimes appear in series, especially when he knows that they are not the result of a failure on the part of officials to collect and publish the data, but of his own failure to find them. However, there are sharply diminishing returns to search effort after a time, and it has always seemed to me to be best to publish the material that has been collected when it probably comes to something like 99 per cent of a" of that which is, in principle, available. I shall, of course, be as grateful for any help which users of this work can give me in improving the coverage for the future as I am for that which has improved the present edition. Whilst for the countries of Europe-and even some in the Americas-there is a variety of statistical material going back into the eighteenth century, if not earlier, it is only for India, Indonesia, Japan and Australia in the continents with which this volume is concerned that there is anything of much use before the middle of the nineteenth century.4 On the other hand, the number of countries for which statistics had been published by the 1960s or 1970s had become very much larger in Asia and, especially, Africa, than in other continents. Some of these countries are very sma", and in order to keep the volume to a manageable size, it has been decided to leave these out of most tables. The main exceptions have been the table showing overall populations, and those tables in sections C and 0 for which some sma" country has been a significant world producer or exporter. The basic criterion of smallness for this purpose has been a population around 1970 of less than a million. A large part of the former Soviet Union lies in the continent of Asia and should, logica"y, be included in this volume. It has, however, already been included in the European volume and repetition did not seem desirable. Clearly in future the former Soviet republics in Asia will have to be included here. Another anomaly is Hawaii, which became one of the United States in 1960. It has been included in this volume up to that date wherever its statistics justify, but not subsequently. It should not need to be said that there are pitfalls for the unwary user of statistics, and this is scarcely the place to attempt to summarise those traps of which any introductory textbook will warn. However, there are certain problems which are of particular prominence in historical statistics, to which attention may properly be drawn.