ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Hayes-Jonkers, Charmaine S. (2015) Bouncers, brutes and brawn: are bouncers being discriminated against in news reports? a critical discourse analysis. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/43775/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/43775/ Bouncers, Brutes and Brawn: Are bouncers being discriminated against in news reports? A critical discourse analysis Charmaine S Hayes-Jonkers BPsyc, BSocSci (Hons1) College of Arts, Society & Education James Cook University Cairns Campus Principal Supervisor: Dr Roger Wilkinson Co-Advisor: Dr Garry Coventry June, 2015 Acknowledgements I wish to thank formally the following people for their support and dedication throughout the development and writing of this thesis. Firstly, I wish to thank my husband Eric for his endless patience and support during the years of study. Without his selfless support, this thesis would never have been completed successfully. Secondly, my warmest thanks to my two supervisors, Dr Roger Wilkinson and Dr Garry Coventry. It was a long haul but your support and directives were unfailing and your beliefs profound. I also wish to thank my proofreader Eileen for her contribution and insightful comments. Thank you all most sincerely. A warm thank you also to my dearest friends and family who never failed to inspire when my energies were low; especially Kim, Paul, Russell, Rob and Curly. If friends were gold, I would be a millionaire. ii Statement of Contribution by Others I wish to formally acknowledge the contributions of others to the compilation and completion of this thesis. They are Supervision: Dr Roger Wilkinson (Cairns) and Dr Garry Coventry (Townsville) Proofreader: Eileen Clark at Clarks Clerks No other persons were involved in the preparation, writing or completion of this thesis. I also wish to acknowledge that every reasonable effort has been made to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of copyright material. I would be pleased to hear from any copyright owner who has been omitted or incorrectly acknowledged. iii Table of Contents Abstract. .......................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................... 12 Introduction and Thesis Overview .................................................................................. 12 1.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 12 1.2. Bouncers and Media Representations ................................................................. 15 1.3. Research Rationale .............................................................................................. 16 1.4. Context of the Research ...................................................................................... 17 1.5. Purpose of the Research ...................................................................................... 18 1.6. Research Questions ............................................................................................. 20 1.7. Thesis Overview ................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 24 Background of Alcohol-Related Violence and Disorder in the Night-Time Economy .. 24 2.1. Australia’s Drinking Culture ............................................................................... 25 2.2. Alcohol Related Injury and Death ...................................................................... 27 2.3. Females, Alcohol and the Night-Time Economy ................................................ 29 2.4. Males, Alcohol, Violence and Masculinity ......................................................... 32 2.5. Males, Violence and Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid Use ................................... 37 2.6. Hedonistic Pleasures and the Night-Time Economy .......................................... 40 2.7. Private Security and Contemporary Times ......................................................... 43 2.8. Neoliberal Governance in Australia .................................................................... 47 2.9. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................... 51 Methodology and Theoretical Perspectives .................................................................... 51 3.1 Discourse Analysis – An overview ..................................................................... 52 3.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis ...................................................................... 53 3.1.2 Social Structures in Discourse Analysis ................................................... 54 iv 3.1.3 Social Practices ......................................................................................... 54 3.1.4 Genres in Discourse Analysis ................................................................... 55 3.1.5 Discourses ................................................................................................. 55 3.2 Critical Discourse Analysis – An Overview ....................................................... 56 3.3 Linguistics, Categorisation and Stereotypes ....................................................... 59 3.3.1 Metaphor in Discourse .............................................................................. 59 3.3.2 Stereotypes in Discourse ........................................................................... 61 3.4 Ideology and Power in Discourse ....................................................................... 62 3.4.1 Mental Models or Schemas ...................................................................... 63 3.4.2 Social Cognitions ...................................................................................... 64 3.4.3 Ideologies in Discourse ............................................................................. 64 3.4.4 Manipulation in Discourse ........................................................................ 66 3.5 News Reports as Discourse ................................................................................. 67 3.5.1 News Headlines ........................................................................................ 69 3.5.2 Syntactic Ordering in Discourse ............................................................... 69 3.5.3 Generalisations in Discourse .................................................................... 70 3.5.4 Implicitness in News Discourse ................................................................ 71 3.5.5 Explicitness in News Discourse ................................................................ 71 3.5.6 The Concept of Social Distance ............................................................... 72 3.6 The ‘Outrage’ Industry and Gonzo Rhetoric ...................................................... 73 3.7 Moral Panics and the News Media ..................................................................... 76 3.8 News Media and the Reading Public .................................................................. 78 3.9 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 78 3.10 Data Selection Process ........................................................................................ 83 3.11 Methodology of NVivo10 Analysis .................................................................... 83 3.10.1 NVivo Method of Analysis ....................................................................... 84 3.10.2 Words or phrases relating to violence ...................................................... 84 v 3.10.3 Words or phrases relating to power .......................................................... 85 3.10.4 Words or phrases relating to crime or criminality .................................... 85 3.10.5 Words or phrases relating to undermining of legitimacy ......................... 85 3.10.6 Words or phrased relating to political abstractions and generalisations ... 85 3.10.7 Words or phrases relating to organisations or institutions ........................ 85 3.10.8 Names of bouncers and victims appearing in news reports ...................... 85 3.10.9 Experts most cited in the news reports ..................................................... 86 3.12 Manual Qualitative Analysis ............................................................................... 86 3.13 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 87 Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................................... 88 Theoretical Underpinnings Relating to Bouncers and their Occupational Role in the Night-Time Economy ......................................................................................