Tourism and Political Change Tourism and Political Change Edited by Richard Butler and Wantanee Suntikul (G) Goodfellow Publishers Ltd Published by Goodfellow Publishers Limited, Woodeaton, Oxford, OX3 9TJ (G) http://www.goodfellowpublishers.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: a catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: on file. ISBN: 978-1-906884-11-6 Copyright © Goodfellow Publishing Ltd 2010 All rights reserved. The text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Design and typesetting by P.K. McBride, www.macbride.org.uk Printed by Baker & Taylor, www.baker-taylor.com Cover design by Cylinder, www.cylindermedia.com Cover images: © www.istockphoto.com Contents Figures vii Tables viii Contributors About the editors 1 Introduction 1 Wantanee Suntikul and Richard Butler 2 Politics and Tourism: Interdependency and Implications in Understanding Change 8 C. Michael Hall Part I: Unification/Reunification 19 3 German Reunification and Tourism in Berlin 21 Wantanee Suntikul 4 The European Union: Between the Global and the National, and Between Neo-Liberalism and Interventionism 33 Allan M. Williams and Vladimir Baláž 5 The Implications and Effects of the Handover of Colonies – Macau 45 Glenn McCartney Part II: Increasing Autonomy 55 6 Devolution – Towards Independence: Tourism in Scotland in the 21st Century 57 Rory MacLellan 7 Political Change and Tourism in Arctic Canada 68 Emma J. Stewart and Dianne Draper 8 Central and Eastern Europe: the End of the Soviet Union and its Satellites 82 Derek Hall Part III: Normalisation/Opening 95 9 Tourism as an Instrument of Foreign Policy: the US Trade Embargo on Cuba 97 Tom Hinch 10 Arab Politics and Tourism: Political Change and Tourism in the Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 108 Eleri Jones vi Tourism and Political Change 11 From Apartheid to a ‘Managed Revolution’: Tourism Development and the Transition in South Africa 120 Peter U.C. Dieke 12 Tourism and Political Transition in Reform-Era Vietnam 133 Wantanee Suntikul Part IV: Political Unrest 145 13 Tourism and Political Change in Nepal 147 Sanjay Nepal 14 Political Change and Tourism: Coups in Fiji 160 David Harrison and Stephen Pratt 15 Iran or Persia: What’s in a Name? The Decline and Fall of a Tourism Industry 175 Tom G. Baum and Kevin D. O’Gorman Part V: Changes in Political Relations 187 16 Does Tourism have a Role in Promoting Peace on the Korean Peninsula? 189 Bruce Prideaux, Jillian Prideaux and Seongseop Kim 17 The Opening of the Ledra Crossing in Nicosia: Social and Economic Consequences 199 David Jacobson, Bernard Musyck, Stelios Orphanides and Craig Webster 18 Politics on Ice – Tourism in Antarctica 208 Thomas G. Bauer Part VI: Conclusions 219 19 Conclusions 221 Richard Butler and Wantanee Suntikul Index 227 Figures 4.1 Value added, employment, productivity and labour costs in tourism in the EU, 1995–2007 36 4.2 Nights spent in hotels and similar establishments in the EU27, 1994–2007 (millions) 39 4.3 Assistance to tourism under Cohesion policy in 2007–13, shares of main targets 42 7.1 Map of Nunavut 69 7.2 Kapitan Khlebnikov on a Northwest Passage tour, near Cambridge Bay 73 7.3 Bylot Island from Pond Inlet 75 7.4 Hanseatic in Pond Inlet (2007) 76 9.1 International visitors, phases of Cuban tourism and highlights of US foreign policy 98 10.1 Map of Libya 109 13.1 Tourist arrivals to Nepal between 1962 and 2008 147 13.2 Tourist arrivals by major regions – 1990–2008 155 13.3 Tourist arrivals by purpose of visit – 1990–2008 155 13.4 Protected area visitors between 1990 and 2008 156 13.5 Tourist arrivals by major airlines – 1990–2008 156 13.6 Foreign exchange earnings from tourism 157 14.1 Fiji tourism arrivals and tourism earnings: 1980–2008 163 14.2 Imputed impacts on tourism arrivals 164 14.3 Tourism Fiji’s marketing budget: 1993–2009 168 18.1 1992-2007 Antarctic tourist trends 216 viii Tourism and Political Change Tables 2.1 Conceptions of the public policy process 14 5.1 Macau visitor arrivals and gross gaming revenues (in Macau Patacas (MOP) 48 6.1 Tourist visits to Scotland 2008 58 8.1 CEE international tourist arrivals, 1990-2007 86 8.2 CEE international tourism receipts, 1990-2007 87 10.1 Ten-year predictions for the contribution of tourism to the Libyan economy 109 11.1 Overseas visitor arrivals to South Africa, 1987–1997 124 13.1 Tourism development and political events in Nepal–Era I 149 13. 2 Tourism development and political events in Nepal–Era II 151 13.3 Tourism development and political events in Nepal–Era III 153 13.4 Tourism development and political events in Nepal–Era IV 154 14.1 Macroeconomic indicators for Fiji, 1971–2008 (%) 162 14.2 Average annual arrivals and earnings: growth rates by decade 162 14.3 Arrivals and earnings in the years of the coups and surrounding years 164 14.4 International arrivals to Fiji, actual and forecast: 1986–2008 165 14.5 Summary of estimated losses in arrivals and earnings 166 14.6 Emigration from Fiji: 1978–2008: Selected years 169 14.7 UNDP human development position of selected countries: 1991–2007/08 170 14.8 Tourism in the South Pacific, 1985-2008: selected years 171 15.1 Iranian monuments inscribed on the World Heritage List 177 17.1 Crossings through Ledra Street/Lokmaci checkpoint 200 17.2 Crossings through the Green Line 203 18.1 Total preliminary visitor estimates for 2009-10 season 216 Contributors ix Contributors Allan Williams, London Metropolitan University, London, UK. Bernard Musyck, School of Economic Sciences and Administration, Frederick University, Cyprus Bruce Prideaux School of Business, James Cook University, Brisbane, Australia Craig Webster, School of Humanities, Social Science and Law, University of Nicosia, Cyprus Eleri Jones, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK, Emma J. Stewart, Environment, Society & Design, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand David Harrison, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji Islands David Jacobson, Professor of Economics, Dublin City University Business School, Dublin City University, Ireland Derek Hall, Seabank, Ayrshire, Scotand. Dianne Draper, Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada. Glenn McCartney, University of Macau, Macau, China Jillian Prideaux, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Kevin D O’Gorman, Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Michael Hall, Department of Management, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Peter Dieke, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA Rory MacLellan, Napier Business School, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK Sanjay Nepal, Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M, USA Seongseop Kim, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea Stelios Orphanides, Indpendent Consultant, Nicosia, Cyprus Stephen Pratt, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Thomas Bauer, School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China Tom Baum Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK Tom Hinch, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Vladimir Baláž, Insitute of Forecasting, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia x Tourism and Political Change About the editors Professor Richard Butler is Emeritus Professor in the Strathclyde Business School of the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland. He has published widely in tourism journals, and produced eleven books on tourism and many chapters in other books. His main fields of interest are the development process of tourist destinations and the subsequent impacts of tourism, issues of carrying capacity and sustainability, and tourism in remote areas and islands. He is currently editor Emeritus of ‘The Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research’. Dr Wantanee Suntikul is Assistant Professor in Tourism Planning and Development at the Institute For Tourism Studies in Macao, China. Besides teaching and researching, Wantanee has also been involved in several tourism related consultancy projects in Southeast Asia. Her core research interest and expertise are in the political, social and environmental aspects of tourism planning and development and poverty alleviation. xi Acknowledgements We wish to acknowledge our great thanks to our fellow contributors to this volume, both for their chapters and for their cooperation, understanding, and support for the volume. They have responded to our comments and queries with patience and alacrity, and we hope that they feel their efforts have been justified and that we have not abused their discretion and good will. We are also grateful to the staff at Goodfellow, our publishers, for their assistance and support during the publication of this work, particularly Sally North who has been with us from the beginning, and whose patience and understanding we really appreciate. Dedications This book is dedicated to my dear late father, who passed on his knowledge and passion for politics to his admiring daughter. Thank you for leading me on the first steps of the journey of discovery that inspired this book. To my late mother, for her support and encouragement, and for convincing me of the value of education and learning, not only for a career but also for life itself. Wantanee Suntikul To Margaret, my thanks for help and encouragement during the preparation of this volume, and for your support in so many other ways.