273 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. A pair of winged confronted dragons with gold on vellum. Height 31 cm, width 24 cm. forelegs (plate 1). Gniezno, Archiwum Archidiecezjalne, MS Relief carving on the West Gate of the city 667, fol. 2v (detail). Aer Prinzing and wall, Diyārbakr. Late twelh century (aer Schmidt, eds., 1997, pl. 1. 579/1183–4). Aer van Berchem, 1910, p. 82, 10. A pair of upright confronted dragons with gure 30 B (drawing), pl. 17. entwined bodies (plate 47). 2. A seated human gure between a pair of Relief carving on the türbe of Emir Saltuq, the winged confronted dragons with forelegs largest of a complex of three tombs (Üç (plate 1). Kümbetler), Erzurum. Probably thirteenth Relief carving on the archivolt of the so-called century. Talisman Gate (Bāb al-ilasm), one of the four 11. A pair of confronted dragons with forelegs gates at the east of Baghdad, Baghdad. 618/ (plate 47). 1221–2. Photograph by courtesy of the Staat- Relief carving on the southern wall of the liche Museen zu Berlin Preußischer Kultur- church of Saint Gregory, Ani. 1215. besitz, Museum für Islamische Kunst, Berlin. 12. Apex of a dragon festoon with a pair of con- 3. a and b. A pair of intertwined winged dou- fronted dragons (plate 4). ble-headed dragons (plate 2). Relief carving on the south-facing arch, Relief carving on the so-called Gate of the mosque of Sultan Han, northeast of Kayseri, Serpents (Bāb al-ayyāt), Citadel of Aleppo, village of Tuzhisar. 629/1232–633/1236. Pho- Aleppo. c. 606/1209–10. tograph by courtesy of Joachim Gierlichs. 4. a and b. A pair of monumental confronted 13. A dragon festoon ending in small inverted dragons with entwined bodies (plate 45). dragon heads, the open jaws holding the Relief carving at the back of the entrance- tip of the outer edge of the festoon-band īwān, Karatay Han, east of Kayseri, village of (plate 4). Karadayi. c. 638/1240–1. Width 650 cm. Relief carving on the south-facing arch (detail 5. A single regardant dragon with elaborately of the lower le end), mosque of Sultan Han, knotted tail (plate 2). northeast of Kayseri, village of Tuzhisar. Muqarnas frieze at the portal arch (to the le) 629/1232–633/1236. Photograph by courtesy above the entrance to a tomb, Karatay Han, of the Turkish Historical Society. east of Kayseri, village of Karadayi. c. 638/ 14. A dragon festoon with a small dragon head 1240–1. growing out of one of the bends (plate 4). 6. A single winged dragon with forelegs Relief carving on the east-facing arch (detail (plate 2). of the lower le end), mosque of Sultan Han, Strapwork in relief at the façade of the portal, northeast of Kayseri, village of Tuzhisar. Susuz Han, south of Bucak. c. 644/1246. 629/1232–633/1236. Photograph by courtesy Drawing by courtesy of the Turkish Histori- of Joachim Gierlichs. cal Society. 15. A winged regardant dragon with forelegs 7. A human head between a pair of winged anked by a centaur-like creature (plate 5). confronted dragons with forelegs sur- Relief carving on the eastern façade of the mounted by winged gures (plate 46). church of the Virgin, Martvili, Samegrelo- Relief carving above the two niches that ank Zemo Svaneti province. 912–957. After the main portal, Susuz Han, south of Bucak. Mepisaschwili und Zinzadze, 1987, p. 160, fig. c. 644/1246. 234. 8. A pair of confronted dragons (plate 3). 16. A pair of interlaced dragons (plate 48). Relief carving on the spandrels of the Column capital in the library, monastery of portal arch, entrance façade of the south - Sanahin, Alaverdi, Lori province. Eleventh or ern caravanserai, Ani. 1200–1236. Aer twelh century. Khalʿpakh ʿchian, 1971, p. 208, g. 162 (draw- 17. a and b. A pair of addorsed interlaced ings of the elevation reconstructed by Tʿoros drinking dragons with wings and forelegs Toramanian). surmounting a dragon-cross with dragon- 9. A pair of confronted winged dragons with winged birds and anked by seated dragon- forelegs (plate 3). tailed lions (plate 5). Top register of an opening page of canon Relief carving above the southern outer door, tables, L’viv Gospel, monasteries of Mlich and monastery of Mār Behnām/Deir al-Khir, Skevra. 1193–1198/99. Transcribed and il - southeast of Mosul. irteenth century. Upper lustrated by the priest Grigor. Tempera and section of door: Photograph by courtesy of 274 Joachim Gierlichs. Detail of lintel: Photograph Islamiyyah, Kuwait National Museum, inv. by courtesy of Yasser Tabbaa. no. LNS 766 T. 18. A knotted interlace composed of six paired 26. A single winged quadruped dragon dragons enclosing a total of twenty-one (plate 50). niches (plate 6). Tongue-strap tting, Avar necropolis in Relief carving on the second southern portal Abony, grave 292. Second half of the seventh leading to the chapel of the baptistery, mon- century. Silver. Length 9 cm, width 3.2 cm, astery of Mār Behnām/Deir al-Khir, south- thickness 0.3 cm. Budapest, Hungarian east of Mosul. irteenth century. Aer Fiey, National Museum, inv. no. 86.1904.12–19,21. 1965, pl. E. Drawing by courtesy of Falko Daim. 19. A knotted interlace composed of six paired 27. A winged regardant quadruped dragon dragons enclosing a total of twelve niches (plate 50). (plate 6). Fitting, greater Khurasan region. Tenth or Relief carving on the portal leading to the ves- eleventh century. Copper alloy, gilding. tibule, mausoleum of Imām Bahir, Mosul. Height 4.9 cm, width 4 cm, thickness 0.9 cm irteenth century. Height 350 cm, width 200 max. Private Collection. cm. e entire portal has been brought to 28. A pair of confronted winged quadruped Baghdad in 1939; preserved at the ʿIraq dragons on the shoulders of a horse stirrup Museum, Baghdad. Aer Farès, 1953, p. 53, (plate 8). g. 13. Afghanistan. Eleventh or twelh century. 20. A sta terminating in a dragon’s head Copper alloy. Height 19.5 cm, width 13.7 cm. (plate 7). London, Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Afghanistan. Eleventh to thirteenth century. Islamic Art, inv no. MTW 803. Photograph Copper alloy. Height 69 cm. Copenhagen, the by courtesy of the Nasser D. Khalili Collection David Collection, inv. no. 1/999. Photograph of Islamic Art, London. by courtesy of the David Collection, Copen- 29. a and b. A pair of confronted winged quad- hagen. ruped dragons (plate 7). 21. A dragon head holding a quadruped, prob- Mould for tooling leather. Putative origin: ably a feline, in its maw (plate 49). Herat. Twelh century. So stone. Height Mace head, Anatolia. Twelh or thirteenth 11.08 cm, width 11.22 cm. Kuwait, al-Sabāh century. Copper alloy. Height 35 cm. Vaduz, Collection, Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah, Furusiyya Art Collection, inv. no. R-113 Kuwait National Museum, inv. no. LNS 244 (detail). Photograph by courtesy of the S. Photograph by courtesy of the al-Sabāh Col- Furusiyya Art Collection. lection, Kuwait. 22. a and b. A dragon head holding a human 30. A pair of intertwined confronted dragon gure in its maw (plate 49). protomes (plate 51). Finial, Iran or the Jazīra. Twelh or thirteenth Appliqués at the shoulders of a nger ring, century. Copper alloy. Height 9.7 cm. Paris, greater Khurasan region. Twelh century. Musée du Louvre, département des Antiqui- Gold, niello-inlaid, agate. Height 2.14 cm, tés Orientales, Section Islamique, inv. no. OA width 2 cm, thickness 1.65 cm, weight 5.7206 6697. Photograph by courtesy of the Musée gr. Kuwait, al-Sabāh Collection, Dar al-Athar du Louvre, Paris. al-Islamiyyah, Kuwait National Museum, inv. 23. A dragon head holding a bovid in its maw no. LNS 1777 J. (plate 49). 31. a and b. A pair of upright addorsed quad- Finial, Iran or Afghanistan, perhaps Anatolia. ruped dragons regardant with forelegs, Twelh or thirteenth century. Copper alloy. wings and entwined bodies (plate 8). Height 14.2 cm. Copenhagen, the David Col- Press-mould. Putative origin: Balkh. Twelh lection, inv. no. 47/1966. Photograph by cour- century. Unglazed earthenware. Height 17.5 tesy of the David Collection, Copenhagen. cm, width 4.5 max. Kuwait, al-Sabāh Collec- 24. A pair of upright addorsed winged regardant tion, Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah, Kuwait dragons with forelegs (plate 50). National Museum, inv. no. LNS 649 C. Chape. Putative origin: Herat. irteenth cen- 32. a and b. An emblem with a pair of addorsed tury. Silver. Length 9.79 cm, width 2.81 cm, regardant dragons with forelegs, wings and thickness 1.87 cm. Kuwait, al-Sabāh Collec- entwined bodies on a late Byzantine image tion, Kuwait National Museum, inv. no. LNS of an enthroned Christ (plate 51). 1095 M ab ‘b.’ Coin (reverse) of Qara Arslan (539/1144– 25. A pair of upright confronted dragons 562/1167), the Artuqid ruler of i n Kayfā (plate 50). and Khartpert. Copper alloy. London, British Textile fragment. Putative origin: Dar-i Suf, Museum. Photograph by courtesy of the Samangan province. Twelh or thirteenth Trustees of the British Museum. b. Detail: aer century. Silk. Height 19 cm, width 9.5 cm. van Berchem and Strzygowski, 1910, p. 84, Kuwait, al-Sabāh Collection, Dar al-Athar al- g. 33 (drawing of a detail on the coin)..