COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES CENTER FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADOPTION OF WHEAT-CHICKPEA DOUBLE CROPPING AND ITS IMPACT ON YIELD AND FARM INCOME IN BECHO WOREDA, SOUTH WEST SHOA ZONE, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA. DESALEGN HAILEYESUS LENTCHO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RURAL LIVELIHOOD & DEVELOPMENT JUNE 14, 2019 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA 1 ADOPTION OF WHEAT-CHICKPEA DOUBLE CROPPING AND ITS IMPACT ON YIELD AND FARM INCOME IN BECHO WOREDA, SOUTH WEST SHOA ZONE, OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA. DESALEGN HAILEYESUS LENTCHO A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RURAL LIVELIHOOD & DEVELOPMENT JUNE 14, 2019 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA i DECLARATION I, Desalegn Haileyesus, declare that, this thesis is my own original work and has not been presented in any other University. All sources of materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Arts in Development Studies (Rural Livelihood and Development). Name: Desalegn Haileyesus Lentcho Signature: _______________ Date: June 14, 2019 Addis Ababa University, College of Development Studies, Center for Rural Development This thesis work has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor Advisor‘s name: Signature Abate Mekuriaw (Ph.D) ____________________ Date _____________________ i APPROVED BY THE EXAMINATION BOARD SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY _______________ _____________ ________________ Center head Signature Date _______________ _____________ ________________ Internal examiner Signature Date ______________ _____________ _________________ External examiner Signature Date ______________ _____________ _________________ Advisor Signature Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My profound and heartfelt thanks first and foremost go to the almighty God, who helped me in every steps of this thesis, and made it all a success by his mighty grace. I express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Abate Mekuriaw, for his support and guidance throughout the development of this thesis. I feel a great pleasure to place on record my deep sense of appreciation and heartfelt thanks to Professor Eric Smaling (Wageningen University, Netherlands and Manager of CASCAPE project) and Dr. Eyasu Elias (National manager of the CASCAPE Project) for their encouragement and insightful valuable comments at the initial stage of the proposal development. I am indebted to thank the two CASCAPE managers for the opportunity and the research fund given to me to carry out my study. I also would like to thank Dr. Hailu Elias for his support at certain steps of this study. I must express my very profound gratitude to my wife Kamlaknesh Eyasu and my son Basliel Desalegn for their support and encouragement throughout this study. I wish to express my deep gratitude to Ato Sheleme Refu, AGP focal person at Becho woreda office of agriculture and the woreda administration for the genuine cooperation and support in the entire data collection process. I would also like to thank the entire two hundred and three /203/ respondent farmer HH heads and the twelve /12/ enumerators for their cooperation in this study. iii DEDICATION Dedicated to my dear son, Basliel Desalegn, so that, he may pursue his Ph.D. for betterment of humanity, inspired by this second M.A degree of his father. iv ACRONYMS AAU Addis Ababa University AGP Agricultural Growth Program ATE Average Treatment Effect ATT Average Treatment Effect on the Treated BBM Broad Bed Maker CASCAPE Capacity Building for Scaling up of Evidence Based Best Practices in Agricultural production in Ethiopia CSA Central Statistics Agency DA Development Agent DAP Di-Ammonium Phosphate DC Double cropping FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GHG Green House Gas HH House Hold MoA Ministry of Agriculture NGO Non-governmental Organization PSM Propensity Score Matching SB Selection Bias SMS Subject Matter Specialist TLU Tropical Livestock Unit USDA United States Department of Agriculture v Contents DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... iv ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................. 3 1.3. Objective of the study ...................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Research questions ........................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Significance of the study .................................................................................................. 6 1.6. Delimitations /scope/ of the study.................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................... 9 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Conceptual & theoretical review of agricultural technology adoption ......................... 9 2.2. Concept of double cropping technology ........................................................................ 10 2.3. The importance of wheat -chickpea double cropping .................................................... 11 2.4. Global practice of wheat –chickpea double cropping .................................................... 13 2.5. The practice of wheat –chickpea double cropping in Ethiopia ...................................... 14 2.6. Suitable agro ecology and required conditions for adoption of wheat and chickpea cultivation .................................................................................................................... 15 2.7. Review of empirical studies on determinants and impacts of double cropping. ........... 17 2.8. Conceptual framework of the study ............................................................................... 18 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 21 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................. 21 3.1. Description of the study area ......................................................................................... 21 3.2. Research design and data collection tools ..................................................................... 23 3.3. Sources of data ............................................................................................................... 23 3.4. Population, samples and sampling techniques ............................................................... 24 vi 3.5. Procedures of data collection ......................................................................................... 26 3.6. Methods of data analysis ................................................................................................ 27 3.6.1. Descriptive analysis ................................................................................................ 27 3.6.2. Econometric analysis .............................................................................................. 27 3.6.2.2.Impact of adoption ........................................................................................ 29 3.7. Variables definition and hypothesis ............................................................................... 31 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 38 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 38 4.1.Descriptive results ........................................................................................................... 38 4.1.1. Demographic characteristics of the households ..................................................... 38 4.1.2. Socio economic status of the households ............................................................... 40 4.1.3. Institutional factors ................................................................................................