Imagined Geographies and the Production of Space in Occitània and Northern Catalunya in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries by Jonathan C. Farr A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Diane Owen Hughes, Chair Associate Professor Hussein Anwar Fancy Professor Elizabeth L. Sears Professor Paolo Squatriti 1 © Jonathan C. Farr 2016 Acknowledgments The project that would become this dissertation began in a seminar on “Medieval Cities” with my adviser, Diane Owen Hughes, to whom I owe a great debt. Her advice at every stage of my graduate career has been tremendously helpful and her confidence in the project—and in my ideas and their written expression—was unwavering, even when mine was lacking. The other members of my committee also deserve thanks; Hussein Fancy, Paolo Squatriti, and Betsy Sears each provided invaluable feedback and have influenced my research, writing, and teaching (always for the better) over the course of my time at the University of Michigan. I would also like to recognize Peggy McCracken, Ray Van Dam, Christian de Pee, and Katherine French for their encouragement and advice, and Tom Green and Tom Willette for organizing the Premodern Colloquium, where part of this dissertation was workshopped. Portions of my research were presented at the Eisenberg Institute for Historical Studies, where I was a graduate fellow, and I would especially like to thank Greg Parker there. My fellow graduate students have always been generous both in devoting their time and intellect to reflecting on my project and in giving of their friendship. I would like to single out Liz Kamali, Jeremy Ledger, Ben Graham, Yanay Israeli, Tiggy McLaughlin, Jonathan McLaughlin, Graham Claytor, Noah Blan, Kate Waggoner, Tim Hart, Garrett Ryan, and Amanda Hendrix-Komoto. Alison Tebo and Paula Curtis helped me weather difficult times. Jenny Hebert kept me grounded, healthy, and happy in the final years of graduate school; this was no small task. Further back, many thanks to David d’Avray at University College London and to Mark Gregory Pegg at Washington University in St. Louis. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Marty and Michael, for their love and support, and my brother, Jason, who read every page. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................................ii List of Figures......................................................................................................................................................v List of Abbreviations........................................................................................................................................vii Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1 I. Modern Theorists and Medieval Spaces........................................................................................5 II. Occitània and Northern Catalunya: An Historical Overview.................................................13 Chapter 1 Constructing Community: Material Pasts and Material Presence..........................................31 I. Artes memoriae: Ancient Mnemonics and Embodied Memory in the Middle Ages................32 II. Remembering Old Narbonne: Saracens, Jews, and Charlemagne..........................................35 III. “The stones cry out”: Saint Sernin and Archaeological Allegoresis at Toulouse...............50 IV. Perpignan: City of Refuge and Roman Weavers.....................................................................60 V. Conclusions: Materialities Past and Present...............................................................................65 Chapter 2 Documentary Spaces: Authority, Authenticity, and the Production of Written Records in the Towns...........................................................................................................................................................67 I. Notaries and their Textual Artifacts.............................................................................................69 II. Textual Artifacts in Rituals of Power: The Oaths of Toulousans and their Lords.............81 III. Town Seals: Communal Immanence and Representations of Urban Space.......................86 IV. Cartularies, Customaries, and Other Municipal Codices........................................................98 V. Codicological Self-Performance: Manuscript Illuminations in Municipal Books..............105 VI. Conclusions: Producing Documents, Producing Spaces.....................................................118 Chapter 3 Spaces of Lordship: Projecting and Experiencing Power.....................................................119 I. Construction and its Regulation as an Expression of Power.................................................121 II. Documentary Practices and Seigneurial Authority.................................................................140 III. The Capbreus of Jaume II of Majorca......................................................................................148 IV. Conclusions: Producing a Space of Lordship........................................................................160 iii Chapter 4 Reshaping Imagined Geographies: Mendicant Landscapes in the Midi.............................162 I. “The mother of heresy and the head of errors”: Heterodoxy in Toulouse.........................164 II. Inquisition and Urban Opposition............................................................................................168 II. Burial at the Jacobin Church of Toulouse...............................................................................184 IV. The Dominicans and Saint Sernin...........................................................................................195 V. A Mendicant Magdalen in Provence.........................................................................................199 VI. John the Baptist at Perpignan...................................................................................................210 VII. Southern France as Holy Land...............................................................................................215 VIII. Conclusions: Transforming Imagined Geographies and Spiritual Networks................220 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................................221 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................................228 I. Archival and Manuscript Sources...............................................................................................228 II. Printed Primary Sources.............................................................................................................229 III. Secondary Sources......................................................................................................................233 iv List of Figures Fig. 1. Map of Occitània and northern Catalunya..........................................................................................2 Fig. 2. Map of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis.......................................................................14 Fig. 3. Narbonne, Musée lapidaire, Church of Notre-Dame-de-Lamourguier.......................................39 Fig. 4. Charlemagne on a cloister pier from the cathedral of Narbonne.................................................42 Fig. 5. Tympanum of the hôtel de ville, Narbonne.........................................................................................48 Fig. 6. Sernin dragged behind a bull. Reliquary of Saint Sernin.................................................................56 Fig. 7. Scene, right to left: Sernin is arrested before the Capitolium, then dragged by a bull. Sarcophagus from the abbey of Saint-Hilaire, in Aude...............................................................................57 Fig. 8. Detail of fig. 7........................................................................................................................................57 Fig. 9. The martyrdom of Sernin. Jacobus de Voragine, Legenda Aurea in a fourteenth-century vernacular translation. BnF. MS. fr. 241, f. 319...........................................................................................58 Fig. 10. Ancient Rome. Illuminated initial in Valerius Maximus’ Facta et dicta memorabilia. Italy, 14th century................................................................................................................................................................64 Fig. 11. Notarized written instrument of 1211.............................................................................................70 Fig. 12. Notarial signum of 1256......................................................................................................................70 Fig. 13. Notarial signum of 1224(?)..................................................................................................................71 Fig. 14. Cartulary of the cité of Toulouse.....................................................................................................107