STUDENT NUMBER: S2620804 ‘Showing it off’ The Potential for the use of Underwater Heritage Parks to Present In- situ Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Netherlands David Akroyd Supervisor: Dr M.R. Manders Leiden University Master of Archaeology (Heritage and Museum Studies) 2020) ‘Showing it off’ The Potential for the use of Underwater Heritage Parks to Present In-situ Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Netherlands Author: David Akroyd Student Number: S2620804 Supervisor: Dr M.R. Manders Course: Master of Archaeology (Heritage and Museum Studies) Course Code: 1084VTHMY University: University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Version: The Hague, 30th of June, 2020, Final Copy. 2 Contents Contents............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Figures .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: General introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 Significance .................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Background: The theoretical and legal framework of underwater heritage parks ...................................... 10 1.5 Background: History and development of underwater heritage parks ........................................................ 12 1.6 Thesis overview ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 2: What challenges and opportunities can underwater heritage parks create from a heritage management perspective and can the challenges be mitigated to make them an effective tool for heritage management? ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Challenges for heritage management created by underwater heritage parks ............................................ 18 2.2.1 Increased potential to cause damage to cultural heritage ................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Difficulty of reaching non-diving members of the public ..................................................................... 19 2.2.3 Effects of nitrogen narcosis on providing education underwater ........................................................ 20 2.2.4 The risk of the Disneyfication of cultural heritage ............................................................................... 20 2.3 Opportunities for heritage management created through underwater heritage parks .............................. 21 2.3.1 Collaborating with divers as a stakeholder .......................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Bringing solvency to activities directed at underwater cultural heritage ............................................ 25 2.3.3 Creating avenues for greater site protection ....................................................................................... 26 2.3.4 Providing education through public access .......................................................................................... 27 2.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 3: What benefits can underwater heritage parks bring to nearby residents and can the negative impacts of heritage tourism be mitigated? ............................................................................................................................................ 33 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 33 3.2 A Case study of community opportunities: The Museum of Underwater Art, Australia.............................. 33 3.2.1 Societal benefits of MoUA ................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Environmental benefits of MoUA......................................................................................................... 36 3.2.4 Economic benefits of MoUA ................................................................................................................ 36 3.3 Heritage tourism and its impact on communities ........................................................................................ 38 3.3.1 Challenges to communities created through excessive heritage tourism ............................................ 39 3 3.3.2 Mitigating the negative impacts of heritage tourism ........................................................................... 40 3.4 Relating the societal, environmental and economic benefits and the challenges of heritage tourism to the Netherlands ....................................................................................................................................................... 41 3.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 4: How do underwater heritage parks provide sustainable diver access to underwater cultural heritage? ..................... 46 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 46 4.2 Protective public access ............................................................................................................................... 46 4.2.1 A case study of protective public access: Croatian underwater cultural heritage sites ....................... 47 4.2.2 A case study of protective public access: The Dalarö Dive Park ........................................................... 50 4.3 Admissive public access ............................................................................................................................... 51 4.3.1 A Case cased study of admissive public access: The Porkkala Wreck Park (the Träskö Project) .......... 52 4.3.2 A Case study of admissive public access: Kronprins Gustav Adolf Underwater Park ........................... 54 4.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 5: How can underwater heritage parks create effective methods of engagement with the non-diving public? ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 59 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 59 5.2 Methods of engagement with the non-diving public ................................................................................... 60 5.2.1 Remote-operated vehicle (ROV) and glass-bottom boat tours ............................................................ 60 5.2.2 Snorkelling and kayaking ...................................................................................................................... 61 5.2.3 Interpretive material and walking trails ............................................................................................... 62 5.2.4 Infrastructure to take the public beneath the surface ......................................................................... 63 5.2.5 Providing virtual access ........................................................................................................................ 65 5.2.6 Collaboration with museums and information centres ....................................................................... 65 5.3 A case study of a multi-faceted approach: Fathom Five Marine Parks ........................................................ 67 5.4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 6: Developing a framework for assessing